Baseline characteristics of the study population according to AF status in patients with HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF (unmatched cohort)
| HFrEF (EF <40%) | HFmrEF (EF 40%–49%) | HFpEF (EF ≥50%) | |||||||
| Without AF (n=2261; 71.1%) | With AF (n=921; 28.9%) | P value | Without AF (n=527; 60.2%) | With AF (n=348; 39.8%) | P value | Without AF (n=743; 54.8%) | With AF (n=614; 45.2%) | P value | |
| Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, years | 65.6±15.5 | 67.9±12.9 | <0.001 | 69.5±14.2 | 73.0±10.9 | <0.001 | 71.2±14.6 | 73.2±11.8 | 0.004 |
| Age group (years) | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||||
| <60 | 690 (30.5) | 227 (24.6) | 109 (20.7) | 38 (10.9) | 144 (19.4) | 74 (12.1) | |||
| 60–69 | 484 (21.4) | 208 (22.6) | 98 (18.6) | 69 (19.8) | 109 (14.7) | 107 (17.4) | |||
| 70–79 | 686 (30.3) | 320 (34.7) | 193 (36.6) | 144 (41.4) | 264 (35.5) | 241 (39.3) | |||
| ≥80 | 401 (17.7) | 166 (18.0) | 127 (24.1) | 97 (27.9) | 226 (30.4) | 192 (31.3) | |||
| Sex | 0.048 | 0.030 | 0.359 | ||||||
| Male | 1361 (60.2) | 589 (64.0) | 265 (50.3) | 149 (42.8) | 294 (39.6) | 228 (37.1) | |||
| Female | 900 (39.8) | 332 (36.0) | 262 (49.7) | 199 (57.2) | 449 (60.4) | 386 (62.9) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.021 | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current | 514 (22.7) | 172 (18.7) | 83 (15.7) | 31 (8.9) | 114 (15.3) | 50 (8.1) | |||
| Ex | 504 (22.3) | 233 (25.3) | 117 (22.2) | 66 (19.0) | 112 (15.1) | 112 (18.2) | |||
| Never | 1243 (55.0) | 516 (56.0) | 327 (62.0) | 251 (72.1) | 517 (69.6) | 452 (73.6) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | 0.114 | 0.655 | ||||||
| Heavy | 147 (6.5) | 96 (10.4) | 26 (4.9) | 24 (6.9) | 36 (4.8) | 36 (5.9) | |||
| Social | 790 (34.9) | 343 (37.2) | 159 (30.2) | 85 (24.4) | 194 (26.1) | 153 (24.9) | |||
| Never | 1324 (58.6) | 482 (52.3) | 342 (64.9) | 239 (68.7) | 513 (69.0) | 425 (69.2) | |||
| Medical history | |||||||||
| Location | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| De novo HF | 1222 (54.0) | 409 (44.4) | 328 (62.2) | 164 (47.1) | 474 (63.8) | 270 (44.0) | |||
| Acute decompensated HF | 1039 (46.0) | 512 (55.6) | 199 (37.8) | 184 (52.9) | 269 (36.2) | 344 (56.0) | |||
| NYHA functional class | 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.515 | ||||||
| II | 310 (13.7) | 113 (12.3) | 87 (16.5) | 55 (15.8) | 134 (18.0) | 115 (18.7) | |||
| III | 795 (35.2) | 380 (41.3) | 165 (31.3) | 140 (40.2) | 269 (36.2) | 237 (38.6) | |||
| IV | 1156 (51.1) | 428 (46.5) | 275 (52.2) | 153 (44.0) | 340 (45.8) | 262 (42.7) | |||
| Hypertension | 1340 (59.3) | 531 (57.7) | 0.402 | 362 (68.7) | 226 (64.9) | 0.248 | 501 (67.4) | 407 (66.3) | 0.656 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1021 (45.2) | 327 (35.5) | <0.001 | 238 (45.2) | 103 (29.6) | <0.001 | 269 (36.2) | 190 (30.9) | 0.042 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1164 (51.5) | 286 (31.1) | <0.001 | 340 (64.5) | 103 (29.6) | <0.001 | 291 (39.2) | 125 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 654 (28.9) | 244 (26.5) | 0.167 | 182 (34.5) | 69 (19.8) | <0.001 | 201 (27.1) | 110 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 190 (8.4) | 83 (9.0) | 0.578 | 44 (8.3) | 32 (9.2) | 0.664 | 57 (7.7) | 40 (6.5) | 0.410 |
| Prior stroke | 290 (12.8) | 165 (17.9) | <0.001 | 70 (13.3) | 71 (20.5) | 0.005 | 99 (13.3) | 117 (19.1) | 0.004 |
| Examinations | |||||||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 94.2±22.9 | 99.2±30.0 | <0.001 | 89.0±23.3 | 97.4±30.0 | <0.001 | 82.3±22.1 | 91.0±28.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 129.3±30.0 | 125.1±25.9 | <0.001 | 138.2±34.4 | 135.2±28.0 | 0.161 | 137.6±32.3 | 133.4±27.9 | 0.010 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 78.9±18.7 | 80.2±18.3 | 0.066 | 78.6±20.1 | 80.7±18.6 | 0.127 | 75.7±17.9 | 78.8±18.5 | 0.002 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.1±3.9 | 23.4±3.8 | 0.046 | 23.4±3.6 | 23.4±3.8 | 0.823 | 23.9±4 | 23.5±4.1 | 0.059 |
| Laboratory examinations | |||||||||
| White cell count, 109/L | 9.1±4.5 | 8.1±3.5 | <0.001 | 9.6±4.6 | 7.9±3.5 | <0.001 | 8.7±3.7 | 7.5±3.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 2.9±3.5 | 2.3±3.3 | <0.001 | 2.6±3.4 | 1.9±3.0 | 0.003 | 2.3±3.2 | 1.9±3.0 | 0.011 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.4±0.7 | 4.4±0.7 | 0.197 | 4.4±0.8 | 4.3±0.6 | 0.016 | 4.3±0.7 | 4.3±0.6 | 0.255 |
| Sodium ≥135 mmol/L | 1786 (79.0) | 705 (76.6) | 0.137 | 426 (80.8) | 290 (83.3) | 0.348 | 593 (79.9) | 478 (77.9) | 0.352 |
| Haemoglobin ≥120 g/L | 1350 (59.8) | 671 (72.9) | <0.001 | 228 (43.3) | 203 (58.3) | <0.001 | 354 (47.8) | 328 (53.4) | 0.038 |
| Blood urea nitrogen ≥26 mg/dL | 827 (36.6) | 368 (40.0) | 0.071 | 190 (36.1) | 117 (33.6) | 0.461 | 260 (35.0) | 176 (28.7) | 0.012 |
| Creatinine ≥2 mg/dL | 351 (15.5) | 127 (13.8) | 0.217 | 116 (22.0) | 33 (9.5) | <0.001 | 111 (15.0) | 47 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| BNP >900 pg/mL or NT-proBNP >5000 pg/mL | 1212 (59.1) | 463 (55.3) | 0.059 | 257 (55.2) | 129 (41.2) | <0.001 | 233 (35.2) | 155 (28.4) | 0.012 |
| Medications and device therapies | |||||||||
| ACEI or ARB | 1863 (82.4) | 724 (78.6) | 0.013 | 382 (72.5) | 255 (73.3) | 0.797 | 472 (63.5) | 366 (59.6) | 0.139 |
| Beta-blockers | 1500 (66.3) | 634 (68.8) | 0.174 | 375 (71.2) | 219 (62.9) | 0.011 | 391 (52.6) | 344 (56.0) | 0.211 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 1445 (63.9) | 582 (63.2) | 0.703 | 242 (45.9) | 202 (58.0) | <0.001 | 332 (44.7) | 368 (59.9) | <0.001 |
| Nitrate | 1321 (58.4) | 481 (52.2) | 0.001 | 351 (66.6) | 188 (54.0) | <0.001 | 403 (54.2) | 290 (47.2) | 0.010 |
| Diuretic | 2145 (94.9) | 887 (96.3) | 0.082 | 458 (86.9) | 326 (93.7) | 0.001 | 639 (86.0) | 596 (97.1) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 1189 (52.6) | 744 (80.8) | <0.001 | 292 (55.4) | 267 (76.7) | <0.001 | 342 (46.0) | 442 (72.0) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 1603 (70.9) | 517 (56.1) | <0.001 | 409 (77.6) | 198 (56.9) | <0.001 | 436 (58.7) | 343 (55.9) | 0.296 |
| Statin | 1206 (53.3) | 344 (37.4) | <0.001 | 312 (59.2) | 126 (36.2) | <0.001 | 327 (44.0) | 199 (32.4) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are reported as mean±SD; categorical variables are reported as n (%).
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; EF, ejection fraction; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association.