Table 2

Causes of aortic regurgitation

Primary (valve apparatus)
CongenitalBicuspid, quadricuspid
Ventricular septal defect
MyxomatousFibroelastic deficiency
DegenerativeAge-relatedIIIB
MucopolysaccharidosesIIIA
InflammatoryRheumaticIIIA
Radiation (lymphoma, breast)IIIA
Drugs (dopamine agonists)IIIA
Infective endocarditisIB
Collagen vascular diseases
Secondary (aortic)
CongenitalAnnuloaortic ectasiaI
Loezs-Dietz, Marfan, Ehlers-DanlossI
AcquiredHypertensionI
AtheroscleroticI
Infection (syphilis)I
Inflammation (Takayasu)I