Baseline characteristics of the total coarctation cohort, women with pre-existing hypertension and women without pre-existing hypertension
| Total cohort (n=303) | Pre-existing hypertension (n=81) | No pre-existing hypertension (n=222) | P value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 29.9 (5.3) | 30.6 (5.4) | 29.7 (5.3) | 0.349 |
| Nulliparity (%) | 155 (51.2) | 45 (55.6) | 109 (50) | 0.393 |
| BMI (median, IQR) | 23.3 (21.4–27.4) | 24.1 (21.3–27.1) | 23.0 (21.5–27.4) | 0.953 |
| Emerging country (%) | 63 (20.8) | 19 (23.5) | 43 (19.7) | 0.479 |
| Prepregnancy characteristics | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 9 (3.6) | 3 (4.3) | 6 (3.4) | 0.735 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.3) | 0.172 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.541 |
| Signs of heart failure (%) | 8 (2.6) | 2 (2.5) | 6 (2.8) | 0.893 |
| LVEF <40% (%) | 7 (2.3) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (2.8) | 0.440 |
| Cardiac medication use before pregnancy (%) | 127 (41.9) | 60 (74.1) | 66 (30.3) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 37 (12.2) | 22 (27.2) | 15 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitor | 9 (3.0) | 7 (8.6) | 2 (0.9) | 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 11 (3.6) | 10 (12.3) | 1 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2 (0.7) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.464 |
| NYHA class I (%) | 266 (87.8) | 67 (82.5) | 197 (90.4) | 0.067 |
| NYHA class II (%) | 31 (10.2) | 13 (16) | 17 (7.8) | 0.035 |
| NYHA class III (%) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | 0.289 |
| NYHA class IV (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n.a. |
| Unrepaired coarctation (%) | 29 (9.6) | 19 (12.3) | 18 (8.3) | 0.281 |
| Surgery for recoarctation | 41 (13.5%) | 15 (18.5) | 26 (11.9%) | 0.141 |
| Bicuspid aortic valve (%) | 123 (40.6) | 30 (37) | 92 (42.2) | 0.419 |
| Ventricular septal defect (%) | 37 (12.2) | 5 (6.2) | 32 (14.7) | 0.047 |
| Persistent arterial duct (%) | 17 (5.6) | 3 (3.7) | 14 (6.4) | 0.367 |
| Aortic dilatation >40 mm (%) | 11 (3.6) | 3 (3.7) | 8 (3.7) | 0.989 |
| Valve replacement (%)* | 15 (5) | 3 (3.7) | 12 (5.5) | 0.526 |
| Aortic stenosis (%) | 33 (10.9) | 9 (11.1) | 24 (11.0) | 0.980 |
| Mild | 20 (6.6) | 4 (4.9) | 16 (7.3) | |
| Moderate | 13 (4.3) | 5 (6.2) | 8 (3.7) | |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Aortic regurgitation (%) | 62 (17.3) | 11 (15.6) | 41 (18.8) | 0.529 |
| Mild | 40 (13.3) | 8 (9.9) | 32 (14.7) | |
| Moderate | 12 (4) | 3 (3.7) | 9 (4.1) | |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Mitral stenosis (%) | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.8) | 0.219 |
| Mitral regurgitation (%) | 52 (17.4) | 15 (18.5) | 36 (16.7) | 0.796 |
| Mild | 47 (15.7) | 13 (16) | 33 (15.3) | |
| Moderate | 5 (1.7) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Echocardiogram data available | 160 (53) | – | – | |
P values were calculated between the groups pre-existing hypertension and no pre-existing hypertension, using χ2 tests and Mann-Whitney U tests where appropriate. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p<0.05 level.
*13 aortic, 1 mitral and 1 tricuspid valve replacement.
BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; n.a., not available; NYHA, New York Heart Association.