Incidence of all-cause mortality, HF readmission and composite endpoint in patients with heart failure
| Income groups | Total | High-income | Median-income | Low-income |
| Patients, n | 633 098 | 41 292 | 190 167 | 401 639 |
| In-hospital mortality, n | 26 093 | 1038 | 4703 | 20 352 |
| Events rate, % | 4.12 | 2.51 | 2.47 | 5.07 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | – | – | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05)† | 2.07 (1.94 to 2.21)† |
| Model 1: OR (95% CI) | – | – | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02)† | 1.92 (1.80 to 2.05)† |
| Model 2: OR (95% CI) | – | – | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03)† | 1.53 (1.43 to 1.64)† |
| All-cause mortality, n | 391 337 | 12 872 | 85 797 | 292 668 |
| Person-years | 2 454 689 | 201 095 | 898 631 | 1 354 963 |
| Incidence* | 15.94 (15.89 to 15.99) | 6.40 (6.29 to 6.51) | 9.55 (9.48 to 9.61) | 21.60 (21.52 to 21.68) |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.48 (1.46 to 1.51)† | 3.16 (3.10 to 3.21)† |
| Model 1: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.13 (1.11 to 1.15)† | 1.99 (1.96 to 2.03)† |
| Model 2: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.16 (1.14 to 1.18)† | 1.98 (1.95 to 2.02)† |
| HF readmission, n | 287 226 | 16 255 | 85 954 | 185 017 |
| Person-years | 1 593 620 | 140 944 | 596 458 | 856 217 |
| Incidence* | 18.02 (17.96 to 18.09) | 11.53 (11.36 to 11.71) | 14.41 (14.31 to 14.51) | 21.61 (21.51 to 21.71) |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.20 (1.18 to 1.22)† | 1.55 (1.53 to 1.58)† |
| Model 1: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.10)† | 1.28 (1.26 to 1.30)† |
| Model 2: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.09)† | 1.29 (1.27 to 1.31)† |
| All-cause mortality/HF readmission, n | 476 425 | 22 425 | 124 745 | 329 255 |
| Person-years | 1 593 618 | 140 944 | 596 458 | 856 216 |
| Incidence* | 29.90 (29.81 to 29.98) | 15.91 (15.70 to 16.12) | 20.91 (20.80 to 21.03) | 38.45 (38.32 to 38.59) |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.27 (1.25 to 1.29)† | 2.04 (2.02 to 2.07)† |
| Model 1: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.10)† | 1.55 (1.53 to 1.57)† |
| Model 2: HR (95% CI) | – | – | 1.09 (1.07 to 1.11)† | 1.54 (1.52 to 1.56)† |
Model 1: adjusted for age and gender.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke/TIA, vascular diseases, ESRD, COPD, autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis, dyslipidaemia, anaemia, CABG, AF, Charlson Comorbidity Index, ACEIs, ARBs, amiodarone, digoxin, beta-blockers and MRA.
*Number of events presented per 100 person-years of follow-up.
†Compared with high-income group.
ACEIs, ACE inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HF, heart failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (eplerenone/spironolactone); TIA, transient ischaemic attack.