Table 2

Anatomic causes of heart failure in congenital heart disease

Anatomic challenges	Lesions	Potential surgeries or interventions	Potential residual abnormalities	Potential sequelae	Evaluation
Systemic right ventricle	ccTGA	Tricuspid valve repair or replacement VSD closure	Tricuspid regurgitation	Heart block	TTE CT MRI Cardiac catheterisation
	D-TGA	Atrial switch procedure (Mustard or Senning)	Baffle stenosis or leak Tricuspid regurgitation	Sinus node dysfunction
Other	D-TGA	Arterial switch operation		Coronary ostial stenosis Aortic dilation Aortic regurgitation
	Single ventricle anatomy (ie, double inlet left ventricle, tricuspid atresia)	Fontan palliation	Outflow tract obstruction Atrioventricular valve regurgitation	Atrial arrhythmias Chronic hepatic congestion Protein-losing enteropathy Plastic bronchitis	TTE CT MRI Cardiac catheterisation Liver evaluation

ccTGA, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries; D-TGA, D-transposition of the great arteries; ; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; VSD, ventricular septal defect.