Characteristics of 47 841 participants by sex and prevalent AF*
| Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||
| With AF (n=422) | Without AF (n=18 073) | P value | With AF (n=510) | Without AF (n=28 836) | P value | |
| Age, years | 67.6 (9.8) | 61.3 (9.7) | <0.0001 | 66.6 (10.0) | 59.7 (9.6) | <0.0001 |
| Rural resident | 159 (37.7) | 8704 (48.2) | <0.0001 | 147 (28.8) | 12 800 (44.4) | <0.0001 |
| Han ethnicity | 409 (96.9) | 17 199 (95.2) | 0.10 | 4993 (96.7) | 27 357 (94.9) | 0.07 |
| Education, high school or above | 312 (73.9) | 13 188 (73.0) | 0.66 | 371 (72.8) | 20 866 (72.4) | 0.85 |
| Married | 377 (89.3) | 16 708 (92.5) | 0.02 | 369 (72.4) | 24 052 (83.4) | <0.0001 |
| Manual labour | 252 (59.7) | 12 138 (67.2) | 0.0002 | 310 (60.8) | 19 457 (67.5) | 0.0002 |
| Health insurance | 414 (98.1) | 17 681 (97.8) | 0.70 | 495 (97.1) | 28 239 (97.9) | 0.17 |
| Annual household income ≥￥30 000 (US$4470) | 239 (56.6) | 10 534 (58.3) | 0.75 | 295 (57.8) | 15 500 (53.8) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 288 (68.3) | 9642 (53.4) | <0.0001 | 342 (67.1) | 13 931 (48.3) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 94 (22.3) | 2684 (14.9) | <0.0001 | 108 (21.2) | 3958 (13.7) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 133 (31.5) | 4647 (25.7) | 0.01 | 219 (42.9) | 9170 (31.8) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 56 (13.3) | 601 (3.3) | <0.0001 | 57 (11.9) | 635 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 73 (17.3) | 1757 (9.7) | <0.0001 | 96 (18.8) | 2506 (8.7) | <0.0001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 2.13 (1.58) | 1.12 (1.27) | <0.0001 | 3.08 (1.64) | 1.99 (1.22) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 127 (30.1) | 8158 (45.1) | <0.0001 | 24 (4.7) | 1377 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
| Habitual drinker | 72 (17.1) | 3529 (19.5) | 0.0013 | 19 (3.7) | 834 (2.9) | 0.37 |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 118 (28.0) | 4987 (27.6) | 0.87 | 80 (15.7) | 3714 (12.9) | 0.15 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 24.8 (6.6) | 23.6 (7.4) | 0.0003 | 25.0 (5.6) | 23.8 (8.0) | 0.06 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 89.6 (10.9) | 87.4 (10.4) | <0.0001 | 86.0 (11.0) | 83.9 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 134.4 (20.0) | 133.2 (19.2) | 0.21 | 135.8 (21.1) | 131.5 (20.3) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 78.1 (15.3) | 74.6 (11.6) | <0.0001 | 78.4 (15.1) | 75.7 (10.8) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.6 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.0) | <0.0001 | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.7 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.9) | 0.21 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 80.5 (22.2) | 76.4 (16.3) | 0.01 | 62.4 (16.9) | 58.3 (13.1) | 0.41 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m² | 98.8 (30.0) | 106.1 (25.6) | 0.001 | 108.8 (32.2) | 117.3 (29.1) | 0.0003 |
Data are expressed as number (%) or mean (SD).
*Prevalent AF defined as either previous diagnosis or on ECG detection.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (estimated as 175×Scr−1.234×age−0.179 (if women, ×0.79)); LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.