Patient demographics
| HF-non-ACHD, N=31 137 414 | ACHD-HF N=76 557 | P value (vs non-ACHD) | SV-ACHD-HF, N=2775 | P value (vs non-ACHD) | 2V-ACHD-HF, N=73 782 | P value (vs non-ACHD) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 74 (63–83) | 61 (44–75) | <0.0001 | 33 (25–44) | <0.0001 | 61 (45–76) | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 15 205 497 (49) | 38 211 (50) | 0.0043 | 1474 (53) | 0.073 | 36 839 (50) | 0.011 |
| White, n (%) | 22 593 832 (72) | 51 545 (69) | <0.0001 | 1857 (70) | <0.0001 | 49 688 (70) | <0.0001 |
| Insurance, n (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Medicare | 23 800 830 (77) | 42 276 (55) | 800 (29) | 41 476 (56) | |||
| Medicaid | 2 407 875 (8) | 11 106 (14) | 685 (25) | 10 421 (14) | |||
| Private | 3 620 714 (12) | 18 149 (24) | 1089 (39) | 17 061 (23) | |||
| Self-pay | 669 446 (2) | 2861 (4) | 93 (3) | 2768 (4) | |||
| Hospital affiliation, n (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Teaching | 15 316 925 (50) | 46 592 (62) | 2149 (78) | 44 442 (61) | |||
| Non-teaching | 15 253 052 (50) | 28 479 (38) | 592 (22) | 27 887 (39) | |||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Arrhythmia | 14 344 536 (46) | 40 634 (53) | <0.0001 | 1699 (61) | <0.0001 | 38 934 (53) | <0.0001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 4 035 064 (13) | 20 388 (27) | <0.0001 | 627 (23) | <0.0001 | 19 761 (27) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 12 332 085 (40) | 27 041 (35) | <0.0001 | 380 (14) | <0.0001 | 26 661 (36) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 13 421 724 (43) | 20 715 (27) | <0.0001 | 240 (9) | <0.0001 | 20 475 (28) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 669 769 (37) | 18 888 (25) | <0.0001 | 591 (21) | <0.0001 | 18 297 (25) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 5 162 547 (17) | 11 896 (16) | 0.0023 | 238 (9) | <0.0001 | 11 658 (16) | 0.025 |
| Smoking | 7 313 929 (23) | 15 844 (21) | <0.0001 | 314 (11) | <0.0001 | 15 529 (21) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 4 954 125 (16) | 6719 (9) | <0.0001 | 70 (3) | <0.0001 | 6649 (9) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 11 263 517 (36) | 23 615 (31) | <0.0001 | 302 (11) | <0.0001 | 23 313 (32) | <0.0001 |
NIS database.
ACHD-HF, adult with congenital heart disease and heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF-non-ACHD, non-ACHD with HF; NIS, Nationwide Inpatient Sample; SV, single-ventricle; 2V, two-ventricle.