Crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of upper gastrointestinal bleeds per subgroup
| n events | Follow-up time (person-years) | Incidence rate (%/year) | Crude IRR (95% CI) | IPW IRR (CI) | LRT significant* | |
| Age | 2 out of 3 | |||||
| 0–64 | 53 | 43 542 | 0.12 | 2.55 (1.33 to 4.88) | 1.09 (0.48 to 2.48) | |
| 65–74 | 252 | 101 012 | 0.25 | 1.50 (1.06 to 2.11) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.49) | |
| 75–84 | 294 | 87 954 | 0.33 | 0.71 (0.49 to 1.03) | 0.58 (0.37 to 0.89) | |
| ≥85 | 207 | 40 063 | 0.52 | 0.74 (0.49 to 1.12) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.07) | |
| Sex | 0 out of 3 | |||||
| Female | 457 | 149 597 | 0.31 | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.34) | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.92) | |
| Male | 349 | 122 974 | 0.28 | 1.12 (0.83 to 1.51) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.24) | |
| HAS-BLED | 3 out of 3 | |||||
| Low (0–2) | 472 | 209 553 | 0.23 | 1.14 (0.86 to 1.52) | 0.95 (0.7 to 1.29) | |
| High (≥3) | 334 | 63 018 | 0.53 | 0.76 (0.57 to 1.03) | 0.54 (0.36 to 0.8) | |
| Concomitant NSAID | 1 out of 3 | |||||
| No | 691 | 249 520 | 0.28 | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.27) | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.96) | |
| Yes | 115 | 23 050 | 0.50 | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.86) | 0.84 (0.46 to 1.54) | |
| Concomitant AP | 2 out of 3 | |||||
| No | 585 | 239 339 | 0.24 | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.4) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.06) | |
| Yes | 221 | 33 232 | 0.67 | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.16) | 0.63 (0.38 to 1.04) | |
| NOAC | 2 out of 3 | |||||
| Apixaban | 282 | 93 566 | 0.30 | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.31) | 0.67 (0.45 to 1.01) | |
| Dabigatran | 240 | 100 105 | 0.24 | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.58) | 0.64 (0.39 to 1.07) | |
| Rivaroxaban | 278 | 76 842 | 0.36 | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.80) | 1.03 (0.71 to 1.50) | |
Number of events, follow-up time, incidence rate, crude IRR and IPW IRR of PPI versus no PPI exposure in different subgroups.
*The number of databases in which the LRT was significant. If this test was significant in two or more databases, we considered a subgroup as a relevant effect modifier.
AP, antiplatelet; IPW, inverse probability weighted; LRT, likelihood ratio test; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.