Table 1

Surgical indications for left-sided IE

Surgical indications
Heart failureHeart failure+severe valvular disease
Uncontrolled infection

  • Septic shock

  • Periannular complication

  • Fungi

  • Prosthetic IE+Staphyloccus spp

  • Prosthetic IE+Gram-negative bacilli

  • Persistent positive blood cultures despite appropriate antibiotic treatment

Prevention of embolismSystemic or central embolism+persistent significant vegetation despite appropriate antibiotic treatment

  • IE, infective endocarditis.