LSIE population (n=605) | Propensity score matched population (n=308) | |||||
Non-surgery (n=200) | Surgery (n=405) | P value | Non-surgery (n=154) | Surgery (n=154) | P value | |
Epidemiological features, n (%) | ||||||
Age, mean±SD | 72±12 | 63±14 | <0.001 | 71±13 | 71±10 | 0.863 |
Female | 74 (37) | 127 (31) | 0.166 | 55 (36) | 51 (33) | 0.708 |
Referred | 81 (41) | 227 (57) | <0.001 | 62 (41) | 87 (57) | 0.005 |
Nosocomial IE | 61 (31) | 95 (24) | 0.062 | 46 (30) | 48 (31) | 0.907 |
Previous valvular disease | 139 (72) | 252 (64) | 0.057 | 105 (70) | 106 (72) | 0.703 |
Prosthetic IE | 87 (44) | 158 (39) | 0.290 | 67 (44) | 71 (46) | 0.727 |
Predisposing conditions | 99 (50) | 202 (50) | 0.931 | 76 (49) | 73 (47) | 0.832 |
Comorbidities | 90 (45) | 82 (20) | <0.001 | 64 (42) | 58 (38) | 0.550 |
Diabetes mellitus | 70 (35) | 98 (24) | 0.005 | 57 (37) | 51 (33) | 0.525 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean±SD | 5.6±3.1 | 4.1±7.6 | 0.033 | 5.25±3.3 | 4.8±3.5 | 0.383 |
Microbiology, n (%) | ||||||
Positive blood cultures at admission | 168 (89) | 305 (80) | 0.006 | 128 (88) | 128 (88) | 0.850 |
Streptococcus gallolyticus | 6 (3) | 30 (7) | 0.031 | 5 (3) | 7 (5) | 0.774 |
Viridans group streptococci | 13 (7) | 74 (18) | <0.001 | 12 (8) | 11 (7) | 0.999 |
Enterococcus spp | 31 (16) | 49 (12) | 0.250 | 28 (18) | 22 (14) | 0.470 |
Other Streptococcus | 7 (4) | 17 (4) | 0.675 | 6 (4) | 6 (4) | 0.999 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 80 (40) | 75 (19) | <0.001 | 57 (37) | 47 (31) | 0.275 |
Coagulase-negative stahpylococci | 37 (19) | 76 (19) | 0.926 | 25 (16) | 38 (25) | 0.106 |
Gram-negative bacilli | 11 (6) | 22 (5) | 0.972 | 9 (6) | 9 (6) | 0.999 |
Fungi | 2 (1) | 8 (2) | 0.509 | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.625 |
HACEK group | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.999 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.999 |
Echocardiogram, n (%) | ||||||
Vegetation | 183 (92) | 360 (89) | 0.319 | 139 (90) | 141 (92) | 0.850 |
Periannular complication | 73 (37) | 173 (43) | 0.143 | 57 (37) | 72 (47) | 0.097 |
Severe valvular dysfunction | 92 (46) | 264 (65) | <0.001 | 79 (51) | 81 (53) | 0.910 |
LVEF <45% | 22 (11) | 21 (5) | 0.009 | 14(9) | 9 (6) | 0.359 |
Clinical findings, n (%) | ||||||
Acute onset | 132 (66) | 196 (48) | <0.001 | 103 (67) | 100 (65) | 0.807 |
Fever | 177 (89) | 322 (80) | 0.006 | 136 (88) | 135 (88) | 0.999 |
Heart failure | 146 (73) | 261 (64) | 0.035 | 111 (72) | 96 (62) | 0.064 |
Renal failure | 141 (71) | 149 (37) | <0.001 | 101 (66) | 98 (64) | 0.703 |
Septic shock | 83 (42) | 55 (14) | <0.001 | 51 (33) | 42 (27) | 0.868 |
Stroke | 57 (29) | 49 (12) | <0.001 | 35 (23) | 31 (20) | 0.243 |
Brain haemorrhage | 18 (9) | 10 (3) | <0.001 | 12 (8) | 6 (4) | 0.180 |
ENDOVAL score, mean±SD | 65±26 | 39±26 | <0.001 | 61±26.3 | 56.7±26.7 | 0.056 |
ENDOVAL score 0%–20% | 14 (7) | 118 (29) | <0.001 | 14 (9) | 13 (8) | 0.163 |
ENDOVAL score 20%–40% | 28 (14) | 119 (29) | 24 (16) | 42 (27) | ||
ENDOVAL score 40%–60% | 37 (19) | 79 (20) | 32 (21) | 26 (17) | ||
ENDOVAL score 60%–80% | 44 (22) | 44 (11) | 35 (23) | 33 (21) | ||
ENDOVAL score 80%–100% | 77 (39) | 45 (11) | 49 (32) | 40 (26) | ||
Surgical indication, n (%) | ||||||
Heart failure | 36 (18) | 114 (28) | <0.001 | 33 (21) | 30 (19) | 0.367 |
Uncontrolled infection | 106 (53) | 127 (31) | 74 (48) | 65 (42) | ||
Prevention of embolism | 17 (8) | 58 (14) | 13 (8) | 22 (14) | ||
Heart failure plus uncontrolled infection | 41 (20) | 106 (26) | 34(22) | 37(24) | ||
Risk-E Score, mean±SD | 39.5±20.0 | 24.6±18.0 | <0.001 | 36.1±18.5 | 36.6±19.0 | 0.988 |
EuroSCORE II (%), median (IQR) | 14.9 (8.3–30) | 9.7 (5.5–20.1) | <0.001 | 13.5 (7.5–22.9) | 13.4 (7.1–25.6) | 0.927 |
In-hospital outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
In-hospital mortality | 144 (72) | 107 (26) | <0.001 | 102 (66) | 61 (40) | <0.001 |
Time between diagnosis and death (days), median (IQR) | 11 (4–24) | 17 (8–39) | 0.001 | 13 (4–26) | 14 (8–35) | 0.066 |
HACEK, haemophilus, aggregatibacter, cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella; IE, infective endocarditis; LSIE, left-sided IE; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction.