Descriptive characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | Total n (%) | Men n (%) | Women n (%) | P value |
| 143 702 (100) | 80 624 (56.1) | 63 078 (43.9) | ||
| Follow-up (years), median (IQR) | 13.4 (8.4–17.4) | 13.5 (8.7–17.5) | 13.0 (8.1–17.2) | |
| Age (years) | 69 (59–78) | 66 (56–75) | 73 (63–81) | 0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Asian | 3550 (2.5) | 2202 (2.7) | 1348 (2.1) | |
| Black | 959 (0.7) | 504 (0.6) | 455 (0.7) | |
| Mixed | 361 (0.3) | 209 (0.3) | 152 (0.2) | |
| Other | 1174 (0.8) | 727 (0.9) | 447 (0.7) | |
| White | 130 236 (90.6) | 72 844 (90.4) | 57 392 (91.0) | |
| Unknown | 7422 (5.2) | 4138 (5.1) | 3284 (5.2) | |
| Socioeconomic status | <0.001 | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 30 273 (21.1) | 17 962 (22.3) | 12 311 (19.5) | |
| 2 | 31 412 (21.9) | 17 963 (22.3) | 13 449 (21.3) | |
| 3 | 30 259 (21.1) | 16 963 (21.0) | 13 296 (21.1) | |
| 4 | 26 808 (18.7) | 14 507 (18.0) | 12 301 (19.5) | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 24 754 (17.2) | 13 122 (16.3) | 11 632 (18.4) | |
| Unknown | 196 (0.1) | 107 (0.1) | 89 (0.1) | |
| Current smokers | 27 750 (19.3) | 17 664 (21.9) | 10 086 (16.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol problem | 3456 (2.4) | 2600 (3.2) | 856 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.7 (25.8–30.1) | 27.9 (26.0–30.1) | 27.6 (25.5–30.0) | 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80 (74–85) | 80 (75–85) | 80 (72–84) | 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 140 (130–149) | 140 (130–148) | 140 (130–150) | 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.1 (2.6–3.5) | 3.1 (2.6–3.5) | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.2 (4.7–5.7) | 5.1 (4.6–5.6) | 5.3 (4.8–5.8) | 0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 11 286 (7.9) | 6022 (7.5) | 5264 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 18 311 (12.7) | 9954 (12.4) | 8357 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 344 (8.6) | 5545 (6.9) | 6799 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 9442 (6.6) | 5302 (6.6) | 4140 (6.6) | 0.922 |
| Depression | 25 967 (18.1) | 11 045 (13.7) | 14 922 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 861 (13.8) | 11 403 (14.1) | 8458 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 1615 (1.1) | 898 (1.1) | 717 (1.1) | 0.683 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 16 238 (11.3) | 9408 (11.7) | 6830 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 17 303 (12.0) | 9336 (11.6) | 7967 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Family history of coronary heart disease | 26 528 (18.5) | 14 017 (17.4) | 12 511 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | 34 213 (23.8) | 17 952 (22.3) | 16 261 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 62 493 (43.5) | 31 536 (39.1) | 30 957 (49.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 9154 (6.4) | 2102 (2.6) | 7052 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Lupus erythematosus | 324 (0.2) | 77 (0.1) | 247 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Migraine | 7797 (5.4) | 2776 (3.4) | 5021 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Moderate-severe liver disease | 452 (0.3) | 250 (0.3) | 202 (0.3) | 0.733 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2576 (1.8) | 963 (1.2) | 1613 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Severe mental illness | 1371 (1.0) | 658 (0.8) | 713 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 5159 (3.6) | 2534 (3.1) | 2625 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Drug prescription | ||||
| Antiarrhythmic | 7346 (5.1) | 3348 (4.2) | 3998 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 8429 (5.9) | 4569 (5.7) | 3860 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant | 30 139 (21.0) | 12 245 (15.2) | 17 894 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic | 16 170 (11.3) | 9271 (11.5) | 6899 (10.9) | 0.001 |
| Antiepileptic | 9746 (6.8) | 4612 (5.7) | 5134 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive | 77 180 (53.7) | 39 738 (49.3) | 37 442 (59.4) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelets | 47 799 (33.3) | 25 365 (31.5) | 22 434 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 39 692 (27.6) | 20 103 (24.9) | 19 589 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroid | 16 541 (11.5) | 7560 (9.4) | 8981 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 47 885 (33.3) | 20 069 (24.9) | 27 816 (44.1) | <0.001 |
| Statin | <0.001 | |||
| Low intensity | 5810 (4.0) | 2978 (3.7) | 2832 (4.5) | |
| Moderate intensity | 29 331 (20.4) | 16 946 (21.0) | 12 385 (19.6) | |
| High intensity | 8030 (5.6) | 4537 (5.6) | 3493 (5.5) | |
| Intervention | ||||
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 1969 (1.4) | 1488 (1.9) | 481 (0.8) | <0.001 |
%, percentage/proportion; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; n, total number.