Anti-inflammatory agent | Cardiovascular events | |
csDMARDs | Methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine | Decreased |
tsDMARDs | Baricitinib, tofacitinib and upadacitinib | Unknown |
bDMARDs | Adalimumab (anti-TNF), certolizumab (anti-TNF), golimumab (anti-TNF), infliximab (anti-TNF), tocilizumab (anti-IL-6), sarilumab (anti-IL-6), abatacept (anti-T cell costimulation), rituximab (anti-B cell) and anakinra (anti-IL-1) | Decreased |
NSAIDs | Diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, meloxicam, nabumetone, celecoxib and etoricoxib | Conflicting data, possibly increased |
Glucocorticosteroids | Prednis(ol)one, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone and dexamethasone | Increased, but dose-dependent and duration-dependent |
bDMARDs, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IL, interleukin; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; tsDMARDs, targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.