Baseline characteristics of the total study population according to exercise habit change
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||||||
| Persistent non-exerciser (n=2871) | Exercise dropouts (n=754) | New exerciser (n=1363) | Exercise maintainer (n=1088) | SMD | Persistent non-exerciser (n=5664) | Exercise dropouts (n=5042) | New exerciser (n=5019) | Exercise maintainer (n=4663) | SMD | |
| Age | 73 (69, 77) | 73 (69, 77) | 72 (69, 76) | 72 (70, 75) | 0.056 | 73 (69, 76) | 72 (69, 76) | 72 (69, 76) | 72 (69, 75) | 0.051 |
| Male sex | 1271 (44.3) | 384 (50.9) | 719 (52.8) | 702 (64.5) | 0.212 | 2804 (49.5) | 2622 (52.0) | 2640 (52.6) | 2630 (56.4) | 0.071 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (21.4, 25.8) | 23.5 (21.5, 25.6) | 23.7 (21.6, 25.7) | 23.8 (22.0, 25.8) | 0.056 | 23.6 (21.5, 25.8) | 23.6 (21.6, 25.5) | 23.7 (21.7, 25.7) | 23.8 (21.8, 25.7) | 0.029 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.0 (78.0, 90.0) | 83.0 (77.0, 90.0) | 83.0 (78.0, 89.3) | 85.0 (79.0, 90.0) | 0.072 | 84.0 (78.0, 90.0) | 83.0 (78.0, 90.0) | 83.0 (78.0, 89.0) | 83.0 (78.0, 89.0) | 0.024 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 0.015 | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 130 (120, 140) | 0.021 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 80 (70, 85) | 80 (70, 84) | 80 (70, 85) | 80 (70, 84) | 0.066 | 80 (70, 85) | 80 (70, 84) | 80 (70, 83) | 80 (70, 83) | 0.021 |
| Economic status* | 0.135 | 0.066 | ||||||||
| Low | 688 (24.0) | 150 (19.9) | 292 (21.4) | 192 (17.6) | 1229 (21.7) | 1049 (20.8) | 1104 (22.0) | 951 (20.4) | ||
| Middle | 654 (22.8) | 179 (23.7) | 264 (19.4) | 201 (18.5) | 1263 (22.3) | 1190 (23.6) | 974 (19.4) | 957 (20.5) | ||
| High | 1529 (53.3) | 425 (56.4) | 807 (59.2) | 695 (63.9) | 3172 (56.0) | 2803 (55.6) | 2941 (58.6) | 2755 (59.1) | ||
| Current drinker | 380 (13.2) | 90 (11.9) | 227 (16.7) | 199 (18.3) | 0.105 | 815 (14.4) | 689 (13.7) | 824 (16.4) | 743 (15.9) | 0.045 |
| Current smoker | 236 (8.2) | 46 (6.1) | 137 (10.1) | 78 (7.2) | 0.079 | 488 (8.6) | 333 (6.6) | 434 (8.6) | 358 (7.7) | 0.044 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 5 (3,7) | 6 (4, 8) | 6 (4, 8) | 6 (4, 8) | 0.095 | 5 (4, 7) | 5 (4, 7) | 5 (4, 7) | 5 (3, 7) | 0.026 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 98 (88, 111) | 99 (89, 115) | 99 (89, 113) | 100 (90, 114) | 0.047 | 99 (88, 112) | 99 (89, 112) | 98 (89, 111) | 99 (89, 112.61) | 0.011 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185 (160, 215) | 178 (150, 211) | 182 (152, 211) | 173 (147, 202) | 0.147 | 183 (156, 212) | 181 (153.4, 211) | 184 (155, 211) | 180 (154, 209) | 0.037 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 66.7 (53.0, 82.7) | 66.7 (54.8, 82.7) | 69.1 (56.2, 84.2) | 69.6 (55.6, 84.2) | 0.073 | 68.1 (54.9, 83.8) | 67.7 (55.5, 83.0) | 67.7 (55.3, 83.8) | 67.7 (56.0, 83.8) | 0.009 |
| Newly diagnosed CVD | 0.094 | 0.044 | ||||||||
| HF hospitalisation | 811 (28.2) | 212 (28.1) | 329 (24.1) | 248 (22.8) | 1507 (26.6) | 1346 (26.7) | 1245 (24.8) | 1139 (24.4) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 1991 (69.3) | 518 (68.7) | 984 (72.2) | 809 (74.4) | 4021 (71.0) | 3545 (70.3) | 3619 (72.1) | 3376 (72.4) | ||
| Acute MI | 69 (2.4) | 24 (3.2) | 50 (3.7) | 31 (2.8) | 136 (2.4) | 151 (3.0) | 155 (3.1) | 148 (3.2) | ||
| Hypertension | 1957 (68.2) | 564 (74.8) | 981 (72.0) | 800 (73.5) | 0.079 | 3982 (70.3) | 3610 (71.6) | 3483 (69.4) | 3217 (69.0) | 0.031 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 660 (23.0) | 231 (30.6) | 380 (27.9) | 348 (32.0) | 0.111 | 1450 (25.6) | 1321 (26.2) | 1315 (26.2) | 1268 (27.2) | 0.019 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1775 (61.8) | 545 (72.3) | 973 (71.4) | 828 (76.1) | 0.159 | 3755 (66.3) | 3489 (69.2) | 3438 (68.5) | 3213 (68.9) | 0.032 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 267 (9.3) | 99 (13.1) | 180 (13.2) | 165 (15.2) | 0.090 | 606 (10.7) | 585 (11.6) | 567 (11.3) | 611 (13.1) | 0.039 |
| COPD | 1019 (35.5) | 267 (35.4) | 528 (38.7) | 379 (34.8) | 0.041 | 2022 (35.7) | 1755 (34.8) | 1787 (35.6) | 1567 (33.6) | 0.025 |
| Malignancy | 536 (18.7) | 153 (20.3) | 304 (22.3) | 292 (26.8) | 0.106 | 1161 (20.5) | 1018 (20.2) | 1079 (21.5) | 1054 (22.6) | 0.033 |
| CKD | 98 (3.4) | 41 (5.4) | 57 (4.2) | 50 (4.6) | 0.053 | 215 (3.8) | 212 (4.2) | 186 (3.7) | 191 (4.1) | 0.014 |
| Sleep apnoea | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | 0.028 | 6 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 14 (0.3) | 0.030 |
| Medication | ||||||||||
| Aspirin | 661 (23.0) | 221 (29.3) | 403 (29.6) | 347 (31.9) | 0.101 | 1478 (26.1) | 1361 (27.0) | 1365 (27.2) | 1301 (27.9) | 0.021 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 180 (6.3) | 62 (8.2) | 111 (8.1) | 97 (8.9) | 0.051 | 436 (7.7) | 373 (7.4) | 366 (7.3) | 345 (7.4) | 0.008 |
| Statin | 278 (9.7) | 117 (15.5) | 194 (14.2) | 214 (19.7) | 0.149 | 685 (12.1) | 676 (13.4) | 652 (13.0) | 657 (14.1) | 0.032 |
| OAC | 58 (2.0) | 21 (2.8) | 31 (2.3) | 32 (2.9) | 0.035 | 125 (2.2) | 131 (2.6) | 125 (2.5) | 117 (2.5) | 0.014 |
| Warfarin | 58 (2.0) | 21 (2.8) | 31 (2.3) | 32 (2.9) | 0.035 | 125 (2.2) | 131 (2.6) | 125 (2.5) | 117 (2.5) | 0.014 |
Values are presented as median (Q1, Q3 quartiles; 25th and 75th percentiles) or n (%).
*Low-income and high-income denote income in the lowest and highest 30% among the entire Korean population; individuals with low income are supported by the medical aid programme.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; MI, myocardial infarction; OAC, oral anticoagulant; SMD, standardised mean difference.