Invasive haemodynamics at rest and during exercise
| Healthy (n=33) | AMI (n=52) | MR (n=43) | AS (40) | P value | |
| At peak exercise (W) | 136±36 | 134±39 | 121±42 | 100±28*†‡ | <0.0001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L), at peak exercise | 5.7±2.8‡ | 8.3±2.9 | 4.6±1.9‡ | 4.6±1.7‡ | <0.0001 |
| HR (beats/min) | |||||
| Rest | 64±9 | 62±11 | 67±11 | 65±10 | 0.19 |
| 25 W | 85±13 | 90±13 | 89±12 | 89±12 | 0.30 |
| 75 W | 102±12 | 104±13 | 106±16 | 106±16 | 0.49 |
| Peak exercise | 129±15 | 126±15 | 126±18 | 117±19* | 0.02 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 97±10 | 92±12 | 90±9* | 91±10 | 0.02 |
| 25 W | 107±12 | 104±16 | 98±12* | 104±16 | 0.02 |
| 75 W | 109±17 | 109±15 | 102±9 | 106±12 | 0.06 |
| Peak exercise | 119±19 | 118±16 | 109±17 | 112±15 | 0.03 |
| mRAP (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 5.1±2.0 | 6.7±2.5* | 6.1±2.5 | 5.8±3.1 | 0.04 |
| 25 W | 9.3±3.7 | 10.7±4.3 | 9.3±3.7 | 9.9±4.3 | 0.21 |
| 75 W | 9.4±3.4 | 11.4±5.0 | 9.8±3.9 | 11.6±4.2 | 0.07 |
| Peak exercise | 9.9±4.6 | 13.0±5.4* | 11.5±5.4 | 12.1±4.6 | 0.07 |
| mPAP (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 13.9±2.8 | 19.9±5.2* | 19.5±6.1* | 18.3±4.9* | <0.0001 |
| 25 W | 25.8±6.6 | 36.0±8.9* | 33.2±7.8* | 35.9±9.1* | <0.0001 |
| 75 W | 29.7±8.2 | 40.5±10.0* | 39.7±8.8* | 44.1±9.7* | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 33.3±9.1 | 45.5±9.8* | 42.7±9.0* | 47.6±8.4* | <0.0001 |
| PAWP (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 8.3±2.4 | 12.6±3.9* | 12.5±3.5* | 11.8±3.9* | <0.0001 |
| 25 W | 17.5±5.9 | 23.8±6.9* | 19.8±5.5‡ | 22.3±6.1* | <0.0001 |
| 75 W | 18.4±6.3 | 27.8±7.8* | 23.2±6.2*‡ | 28±6.1*† | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 21.1±7.5 | 33.0±8.1* | 27.3±6.6*‡ | 31.4±6.1*† | <0.0001 |
| TMP (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 3.2±2.4 | 5.8±3.4* | 6.4±2.9* | 6.0±4.0* | 0.0003 |
| 25 W | 8.2±4.6 | 12.6±4.9* | 10.8±4.4 | 12.4±5.5* | 0.0006 |
| 75 W | 9.2±4.2 | 15.9±5.3* | 13.4±5.6* | 16.2±4.7* | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 11.2±4.7 | 19.7±6.3* | 15.8±6.4*‡ | 19.3±5.2*† | <0.0001 |
| TPG (mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 5.6±1.8 | 7.2±2.6 | 7.0±4.8 | 6.5±2.5 | 0.11 |
| 25 W | 8.3±3.5 | 12.2±4.5* | 13.5±3.5* | 13.7±4.3* | <0.0001 |
| 75 W | 11.1±4.9 | 12.4±4.5 | 16.5±7.6*‡ | 15.6±4.9*‡ | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 12.2±4.4 | 12.5±5.0 | 15.5±7.2*‡ | 16.2±4.8*‡ | 0.001 |
| PVR (WU) | |||||
| Rest | 1.1±0.5 | 1.3±0.5 | 1.5±1.1 | 1.3±0.5 | 0.18 |
| 25 W | 0.9±0.5 | 1.3±0.6* | 1.8±0.7*‡ | 1.7±0.6*‡ | <0.0001 |
| 75 W | 0.9±0.4 | 1.1±0.5 | 1.5±0.7*‡ | 1.4±0.5*‡ | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 0.8±0.4 | 0.8±0.4 | 1.2±0.7*‡ | 1.4±0.5*‡ | <0.0001 |
| PAC (mL/mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 8.4±4.2 | 8.0±2.6 | 5.7±3.5*‡ | 6.0±2.2*‡ | <0.0001 |
| 25 W | 7.1±3.0 | 5.6±2.0* | 4.0±1.7*‡ | 4.0±1.6*‡ | <0.0001 |
| 75 W | 7.1±2.6 | 5.7±2.2* | 4.2±1.8*‡ | 3.7±1.6*‡ | <0.0001 |
| Peak exercise | 6.8±3.9 | 5.9±2.3 | 3.9±1.4*‡ | 3.5±1.7*‡ | <0.0001 |
| SVR (WU) | |||||
| Rest | 18.0±4.0 | 15.8±4.0 | 17.3±4.9 | 16.8±4.3 | 0.11 |
| 25 W | 10.7±2.2 | 10.9±2.4 | 11.7±3.6 | 11.7±3.1 | 0.34 |
| 75 W | 7.8±2.3 | 8.8±1.9 | 8.0±1.5 | 8.7±1.8 | 0.07 |
| Peak exercise | 7.3±2.3 | 7.1±1.9 | 7.3±2.4 | 8.3±2.0‡ | 0.05 |
| TAC (mL/mm Hg) | |||||
| Rest | 1.5±0.4 | 1.6±0.6 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.3±0.4‡ | 0.02 |
| 25 W | 1.9±0.7 | 1.5±0.6 | 1.6±0.8 | 1.5±0.6 | 0.08 |
| 75 W | 1.9±0.6 | 1.6±1.1 | 1.5±0.6 | 1.5±0.6 | 0.23 |
| Peak exercise | 1.5±0.5 | 1.3±0.4 | 1.3±0.5 | 1.6±0.8 | 0.10 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | |||||
| Rest | 5.3±1.1 | 5.7±1.4 | 5.1±1.2 | 5.3±1.2 | 0.27 |
| 25 W | 9.6±2.0 | 9.6±2.5 | 8.1±2.1*‡ | 8.2±1.9*‡ | 0.0009 |
| 75 W | 13.4±3.0 | 12.6±3.1 | 11.8±2.1 | 11.2±2.2* | 0.005 |
| Peak exercise | 16.0±3.0 | 15.6±3.4 | 13.9±3.5* | 12.4±2.6*‡ | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | |||||
| Rest | 2.7±0.4 | 2.8±0.6 | 2.6±0.5 | 2.8±0.6 | 0.34 |
| 25 W | 4.9±0.8 | 4.7±1.1 | 4.1±0.9*‡ | 4.3±0.9* | 0.0006 |
| 75 W | 6.9±1.3 | 5.9±1.1* | 5.9±0.8* | 5.9±1.2* | 0.0002 |
| Peak exercise | 8.3±1.3 | 7.6±1.4 | 7.0±1.4* | 6.5±1.4*‡ | <0.0001 |
| SV (mL) | |||||
| Rest | 85±19 | 91±18 | 78±19‡ | 83±17 | 0.008 |
| 25 W | 117±30 | 107±24 | 93±25*‡ | 96±21** | 0.0002 |
| 75 W | 133±36 | 119±26 | 113±26* | 108±24* | 0.003 |
| Peak exercise | 127±28 | 125±26 | 111±25‡ | 108±26*‡ | 0.002 |
Analysis of variance was used to assess between-group differences, and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to determine which group means differed for normally distributed data.
*P<0.05 vs healthy.
†P<0.05 vs MR.
‡P<0.05 vs AMI.
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; AS, aortic stenosis; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; mPAP, mean pulmonary arterial pressure; MR, mitral regurgitation; mRAP, mean right atrial pressure; PAC, pulmonary arterial compliance; PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; SV, stroke volume; SVR, systemic vascular resistance; TAC, total arterial compliance; TMP, transmural filling pressure; TPG, transpulmonary gradient; WU, wood unit.