Healthy (n=33) | AMI (n=52) | MR (n=43) | AS (n=40) | P value | |
Mean age (years) | 62±9 | 62±7 | 62±9 | 74±7 | <0.0001 |
Female, n (%) | 17 (52) | 7 (13) | 8 (19) | 10 (24) | 0.0007 |
Body surface area (m2) | 1.94±0.18 | 2.05±0.24 | 1.99±0.19 | 1.92±0.20 | 0.01 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
Hypertension | 0 (0) | 28 (54) | 15 (35) | 28 (70) | 0.02 |
IHD | 0 (0) | 52 (100) | 6 (14) | 3 (8) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 0 (0) | 5 (13) | 0.004 |
AFIB | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA |
Pulmonary function and biochemistry | |||||
eGFR (mL/min) | 78 (67–84) | 87 (74–111) | 83 (73–90) | 77 (65–85) | 0.001 |
FEV1 (litre) | 3.2±0.7 | 3.0±0.7 | 3.2±0.8 | 3.0±0.6 | 0.14 |
FVC (litre) | 4.3±1.0 | 3.9±0.8 | 4.2±1.0 | 3.9±0.7 | 0.22 |
Echocardiography | |||||
LVEF (%) | 65±6 | 59±5 | 70±7 | 66±7 | <0.0001 |
LVEDD (mm) | 47±7 | 52±7 | 53±6 | 46±4 | <0.0001 |
ERO (cm2) | NA | NA | 0.5±0.3 | NA | NA |
LVOT diameter (cm) | 2.0±0.2 | 2.0±0.2 | 2.2±0.2 | 2.0±0.1 | <0.0001 |
Mean aortic gradient (mm Hg) | NA | NA | NA | 45±13 | NA |
Peak aortic velocity (m/s) | NA | NA | NA | 4.2±0.5 | NA |
Medication, n (%) | |||||
ACE-I/ARB | 0 (0) | 19 (37) | 12 (28) | 19 (48) | 0.18 |
β-blockers | 0 (0) | 45 (87) | 6 (14) | 8 (20) | <0.0001 |
CCB | 0 (0) | 11 (21) | 6 (14) | 15 (38) | 0.04 |
Diuretics | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 8 (19) | 10 (25) | 0.14 |
Analysis of variance was used to assess between-group differences, and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to determine group means differed for normally distributed data. Wilcoxon rank sum test with Bonferroni correction was used to assess between-group differences and which group means differed for non-normally distributed data. Pearson χ2 test was used to assess between group differences in case of non-parametric data.
ACE-I, ACE inhibitor; AFIB, atrial fibrillation or flutter; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin II receptor antagonist; AS, aortic stenosis; CCB, calcium channel blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; FEV1, first second of forced expiration; FVC, forced vital capacity; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT, Left ventricular outflow tract; MR, mitral regurgitation; NA, not applicable.