Table 2

Risks of all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events and adverse renal outcomes among patients with CKD with different HF subtypes

Outcome	No. of events	Person-years	Incidence rate*	Before IPTW		IPTW		IPTW-adjusted†
Outcome	No. of events	Person-years	Incidence rate*	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
All-cause mortality
HFpHF	633	10 119	6.26	3.61 (3.15 to 4.14)	<0.001	1.90 (1.64 to 2.21)	<0.001	1.85 (1.59 to 2.15)	<0.001
HFmrHF	189	2452	7.71	4.78 (3.99 to 5.73)	<0.001	2.66 (2.14 to 3.31)	<0.001	2.75 (2.22 to 3.42)	<0.001
HFrHF	237	2674	8.86	5.29 (4.47 to 6.27)	<0.001	3.18 (2.58 to 3.93)	<0.001	3.18 (2.57 to 3.93)	<0.001
Non-HF	311	19 802	1.57	Reference		Reference		Reference
Major adverse cardiovascular events
HFpHF	946	7708	12.27	3.68 (3.31 to 4.11)	<0.001	2.48 (2.20 to 2.80)	<0.001	2.43 (2.16 to 2.73)	<0.001
HFmrHF	243	1791	13.57	4.38 (3.76 to 5.10)	<0.001	3.11 (2.59 to 3.73)	<0.001	3.08 (2.57 to 3.69)	<0.001
HFrHF	347	1836	18.90	5.81 (5.07 to 6.67)	<0.001	3.97 (3.32 to 4.74)	<0.001	3.83 (3.20 to 4.59)	<0.001
Non-HF	510	18 476	2.76	Reference		Reference		Reference
Ischaemic stroke
HFpHF	160	9742	1.64	1.38 (1.12 to 1.69)	0.002	0.96 (0.77 to 1.21)	0.751	0.97 (0.77 to 1.22)	0.806
HFmrHF	43	2347	1.83	1.59 (1.15 to 2.21)	0.005	1.15 (0.79 to 1.69)	0.459	1.21 (0.83 to 1.78)	0.323
HFrHF	48	2573	1.87	1.60 (1.17 to 2.19)	0.003	1.06 (0.71 to 1.57)	0.775	1.06 (0.72 to 1.58)	0.766
Non-HF	218	19 204	1.14	Reference		Reference		Reference
Myocardial infarction
HFpHF	100	9927	1.01	2.31 (1.71 to 3.11)	<0.001	1.55 (1.11 to 2.14)	0.009	1.53 (1.10 to 2.13)	0.013
HFmrHF	38	2345	1.62	4.01 (2.71 to 5.91)	<0.001	2.18 (1.32 to 3.59)	0.002	2.09 (1.26 to 3.46)	0.004
HFrHF	73	2508	2.91	6.84 (4.96 to 9.44)	<0.001	3.64 (2.45 to 5.41)	<0.001	3.12 (2.08 to 4.69)	<0.001
Non-HF	76	19 609	0.39	Reference		Reference		Reference
Hospitalisation for HF
HFpHF	787	8100	9.72	5.52 (4.80 to 6.33)	<0.001	3.53 (3.02 to 4.12)	<0.001	3.44 (2.94 to 4.01)	<0.001
HFmrHF	199	1928	10.32	6.44 (5.36 to 7.73)	<0.001	4.34 (3.49 to 5.39)	<0.001	4.31 (3.46 to 5.36)	<0.001
HFrHF	280	1995	14.04	8.28 (7.00 to 9.78)	<0.001	5.72 (4.65 to 7.05)	<0.001	5.56 (4.48 to 6.90)	<0.001
Non-HF	273	19 157	1.43	Reference		Reference		Reference
Estimated glomerular filtration rate decline >30%
HFpHF	235	9558	2.46	2.46 (2.01 to 3.02)	<0.001	1.67 (1.32 to 2.10)	<0.001	1.62 (1.28 to 2.04)	<0.001
HFmrHF	55	2313	2.38	2.74 (2.01 to 3.73)	<0.001	2.04 (1.40 to 2.99)	<0.001	2.03 (1.38 to 3.00)	<0.001
HFrHF	88	2453	3.59	3.79 (2.92 to 4.93)	<0.001	2.61 (1.90 to 3.59)	<0.001	2.56 (1.85 to 3.56)	<0.001
Non-HF	152	19 276	0.79	Reference		Reference		Reference
End-stage renal disease
HFpHF	342	9408	3.64	2.91 (2.44 to 3.48)	<0.001	1.82 (1.48 to 2.23)	<0.001	1.86 (1.52 to 2.27)	<0.001
HFmrHF	101	2262	4.47	4.07 (3.20 to 5.18)	<0.001	2.02 (1.49 to 2.75)	<0.001	2.23 (1.63 to 3.05)	<0.001
HFrHF	130	2404	5.41	4.50 (3.60 to 5.62)	<0.001	2.62 (1.98 to 3.49)	<0.001	2.58 (1.94 to 3.44)	<0.001
Non-HF	191	19 268	0.99	Reference		Reference		Reference

*Per 10² person-years.
†Adjusted for age, sex, haemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, malignancy, uses of calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, statins, oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting.