Associations of COVID-19 case-control status with incident events
| All case-control sets n=17 871* | Cases with no hospital admission record n=14 304 | Cases hospitalised with primary COVID-19 diagnosis n=2701 | Cases hospitalised with secondary COVID-19 diagnosis n=866 | |
| Incident diseases | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| MI | 1.82 (1.12 to 2.96) P=0.015 | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.65) P=0.008 | 9.9 (3.36 to 29.1) P<0.0001 | 22.2 (2.84 to 173) P=0.003 |
| Stroke | 4.15 (2.54 to 6.78) P<0.0001 | 1.77 (0.86 to 3.63) P=0.12 | 17.5 (5.26 to 57.9) P<0.0001 | 4.54 (1.55 to 13.33) P=0.006 |
| Heart failure | 5.6 (4.05 to 7.87) P<0.0001 | 0.85 (0.45 to 1.61) P=0.63 | 21.6 (10.9 to 42.9) P<0.0001 | 13.1 (5.06 to 33.8) P<0.0001 |
| AF | 5.25 (3.98 to 6.93) P<0.0001 | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.69) P=0.90 | 14.9 (9.34 to 23.8) P<0.0001 | 29.3 (6.94 to 124) P<0.0001 |
| VTE | 13.2 (8.75 to 19.9) P<0.0001 | 2.74 (1.38 to 5.45) P=0.004 | 27.6 (14.5 to 52.3) P<0.0001 | 23.1 (5.42 to 98.4) P<0.0001 |
| Pericarditis | 8.21 (3.38 to 20.00) P<0.0001 | 0.68 (0.07 to 6.48) P=0.74 | 13.6 (4.06 to 45.8) P<0.0001 | – – |
| Mortality | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| All-cause | 35.47 (28.24 to 44.55) P<0.0001 | 10.23 (7.63 to 13.70) P<0.0001 | 118.01 (73.32 to 189.95)P<0.0001 | 63.97 (30.14 to 135.77) P<0.0001 |
| CVD | 5.48 (3.24 to 9.29) P<0.0001 | 2.02 (0.93 to 4.34) P=0.073 | 8.76 (2.51 to 30.5) P=0.001 | 14.6 (4.37 to 48.8) P<0.0001 |
| IHD | 4.23 (2.16 to 8.67) P<0.0001 | 1.00 (0.34 to 2.93) P=0.99 | 14.1 (1.73 to 113.8) P=0.013 | 23.7 (3.09 to 182) P=0.002 |
*Sample sizes indicate the number of cases; the analysis sample also includes two controls per case.
AF, atrial fibrillation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; VTE, venous thromboembolism.