Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to phenogroups by LCA in the derivation cohort
| Charcteristics | Younger population | Older population | P* | |||
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | ||
| (n=517) | (n=249) | (n=171) | (n=461) | (n=231) | ||
| Least comorbidities | Men with LV enlargement | Predominantly women rheumatic MR | Low-risk order patients | High-risk older patients | ||
| Age (year) | 44 (37–51) | 52 (46–59) | 50 (39–56) | 64 (59–69) | 69 (64–74) | <0.001 |
| Men, n (%) | 365 (70.6) | 249 (100.0) | 36 (21.1) | 230 (49.9) | 78 (33.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 24.1 (21.9–26.2) | 25.3 (23.2–27.6) | 22.9 (20.7–24.7) | 25.0 (22.8–27.2) | 22.7 (20.9–24.8) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 100 (19.3) | 91 (36.5) | 2 (1.2) | 291 (63.1) | 117 (50.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 5 (1.0) | 15 (6.0) | 2 (1.2) | 65 (14.1) | 46 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| A F | 48 (9.3) | 163 (65.5) | 126 (73.7) | 135 (29.3) | 165 (71.4) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 3 (0.6) | 11 (4.4) | 3 (1.8) | 6 (1.3) | 9 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 5 (1.0) | 7 (2.8) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (1.1) | 12 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Year of MV surgery | <0.001 | |||||
| 2006–2013 | 253 (48.9) | 118 (47.4) | 108 (63.2) | 184 (39.9) | 120 (51.9) | |
| 2014–2020 | 264 (51.1) | 131 (52.6) | 63 (36.8) | 277 (60.1) | 111 (48.1) | |
| Symptomatic MR, n (%) | 104 (20.1) | 113 (45.4) | 82 (48.0) | 148 (32.1) | 101 (43.7) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
| Dyspnoea | 83 (16.1) | 94 (37.8) | 69 (40.4) | 129 (28.0) | 93 (40.3) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 21 (4.1) | 14 (5.6) | 6 (3.5) | 15 (3.3) | 5 (2.2) | 0.341 |
| Oedema | 5 (1.0) | 6 (2.4) | 9 (5.3) | 5 (1.1) | 11 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Palpitation | 12 (2.3) | 19 (7.6) | 17 (9.9) | 21 (4.6) | 10 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 6 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.2) | 5 (1.1) | 3 (1.3) | 0.560 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 140 (129–148) | 145 (139–154) | 127 (119–137) | 130 (120–141) | 120 (108–131) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 101.5 (92.8–110.3) | 85.5 (76.0–97.1) | 95.1 (79.3–106.5) | 83.3 (69.7–91.4) | 62.4 (48.7–79.5) | <0.001 |
| MR aetiology, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Degenerative | 490 (94.8) | 231 (92.8) | 51 (29.8) | 445 (96.5) | 158 (68.4) | |
| Rheumatic | 21 (4.1) | 14 (5.6) | 115 (67.3) | 15 (3.3) | 71 (30.7) | |
| Congenital | 6 (1.2) | 4 (1.6) | 5 (2.9) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.9) | |
| Valve morphology in degenerative MR, n (%)† | <0.001 | |||||
| Isolated anterior leaflet prolapse | 100 (20.4) | 26 (11.3) | 18 (35.3) | 54 (12.2) | 35 (22.6) | |
| Isolated posterior leaflet prolapse | 267 (54.5) | 138 (59.7) | 20 (39.2) | 303 (68.4) | 72 (46.5) | |
| Bileaflet prolapse | 123 (25.1) | 67 (29.0) | 13 (25.5) | 86 (19.3) | 48 (30.4) | |
| MR surgery type, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| MV repair | 506 (97.9) | 236 (94.8) | 53 (31.0) | 445 (96.5) | 109 (47.2) | |
| MV replacement (mechanical) | 11 (2.1) | 13 (5.2) | 109 (63.7) | 8 (1.7) | 51 (22.1) | |
| MV replacement (bioprosthetic) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (5.3) | 8 (1.7) | 71 (30.7) | |
| Concomitant CABG, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (6.0) | 1 (0.6) | 33 (7.2) | 45 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| Concomitant surgical atrial ablation, n (%) | 44 (8.5) | 150 (60.2) | 100 (58.5) | 123 (26.7) | 138 (59.7) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed in median (IQR) or numbers (percentage).
*Comparison between five groups.
†MV morphology was assessed only in the subgroup of patients with degenerative MR (unavailable in five patients).
AF, atrial fibrillation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LCA, latent class analysis; LV, left ventricular; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve.