Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Study design | Population size | Age (years) | Gender (male %) | Follow-up duration | PAH | Mean PAP | Arterial hypertension | Diabetes mellitus | LA size/LV function | Outcomes of interest |
| Swan et al 17 | Cohort | 50 | 69±5.8 | N/A | 57 (44–71) days | N/A | N/A | 34% | 6% | N/A | RVEDD, sPAP, atrial arrhythmias |
| Elshershari et al 33 | Cohort | 41 | 71 (62–87) | 41.5 | 28±23.7 months | 23% | 26 (11–52) | 4.9% | N/A | N/A | NYHA, RVEDD, atrial arrhythmias, mortality |
| Jategaonkar et al 18 | Cohort | 96 | 69.9±5.3 | 68.8 | 33.6±31.2 months | N/A | 25.1±7.8 | 56.3% | N/A | LA diameter: 49.3±9.4 mm | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, atrial arrhythmias |
| Spies and Hijazi32 | Cohort | 55 | 70 (61–87) | 68.8 | 28 (6–79) months | 42% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | NYHA, RVEDD, atrial arrhythmias |
| Taniguchi et al 19 | Cohort | 9 | 68.1±7.0 | 55.6 | 10.6±4.3 months | 3.4% | 19.7±4.1 | N/A | N/A | LA diameter: 59.8±8.4 mm | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, sPAP, BNP |
| Yalonetsky and Lorber34 | Cohort | 23 | 66.8±5 | 30.4 | 12 months | N/A | N/A | 82.6% | 13% | N/A | sPAP, atrial arrhythmias |
| Hanninen et al 20 | Cohort | 54 | 69 (60–86) | 27.8 | 3.3 years | 40.7% | 25 (12–50) | N/A | 5% | 8% had LVEF 40%–60%, 92% had LVEF >60% | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, mortality |
| Humenberger et al 25 | Cohort | 74 | 71±6.1 | 17.6 | 2.3+1.6 years | N/A | N/A | 27% | 6.8% | LA pressure: 10 (8–14) mm Hg | NYHA, TR |
| Nakagawa et al 26 | Cohort | 30 | 75.8±3.8 | 33.4 | 19.1±11.3 months | 53% | N/A | 40% | N/A | E/e’: 11.0±3.9 | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, sPAP, BNP, TR, atrial arrhythmias, mortality |
| Woo et al 21 | Cohort | 23 | 66.7±5.25 | 26.1 | 21.6±18.5 months | 65.2% | 28.3±8.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | NYHA, atrial arrhythmias |
| Stroker et al 27 | Cohort | 47 | 69±5 | 19.1 | 3.3 (0–10) years | N/A | N/A | 70% | N/A | E/A: 0.9±0.22 | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, sPAP, TR, atrial arrhythmias, mortality |
| Komar et al 28 | Cohort | 75 | 65.3±15.7 | 40 | 12 months | 16% | N/A | 38.6% | 5.3% | LVEF: 60.4% | RVEDD |
| Jampates and Hengrussamee22 | Cohort | 59 | 66.0±4.9 | 22 | 12 months | N/A | 27.7±7.5 | 52.5% | 20.3% | LA diameter: 43.0±7.4 mm LVEF: 66%±12.9% | NYHA, LVEDD, sPAP, mortality |
| Takaya et al
(60–75 years)29 | Cohort | 120 | 66±4 | 42 | 36 (1–104) months | N/A | 18±5 | 41% | 17% | E/e’: 8.9±2.9 e’: 8.6±2.4 LVEF: 70%±7% | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, BNP, mortality |
| Takaya et al
(>75 years)29 | Cohort | 55 | 78±3 | 42 | 36 (1–104) months | N/A | 18±5 | 45% | 18% | E/e’: 10.2±3.6 LVEF: 71%±6% | NYHA, RVEDD, LVEDD, BNP, mortality |
| Thilén and Persson35 | Cohort | 148 | 72.2±4.9 | 37.5 | 4.4±2.6 years | N/A | 22±7 | 56.1% | 11.5% | LA pressure: 9±4 (1–19) mm Hg | NYHA, atrial arrhythmias, mortality |
| Chen et al 24 | Cohort | 111 | 65 (61–80) | 37.8 | 6 months | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | LA diameter: 42.0±9.2 mm LA volume: 86.5±53.1 mL LV volume: 68.8±15.8 mL LVEF: 64.6%±4.2% | NYHA, LVEDD, sPAP, TR, atrial arrhythmias |
| Giordano et al 30 | Cohort | 68 | 65.1±3.8 | 28 | 4.3±1.5 years | 41.2% | 24.6±8.9 | 54.4% | 14.7% | LV diastolic dysfunction: mild: 83.1% Moderate: 10.8% Severe: 1.5% | NYHA, RVEDD, sPAP, TR, atrial arrhythmias |
| Sun et al 31 | Cohort | 46 | 64.8±3.7 | 35 | 12 months | N/A | 40±5.4 | 30% | 22.5% | LA diameter: 28.7±4.8 mm E/A: 1.4±0.3 LVEF: 61.3%±5.8% | RVEDD, LVEDD, atrial arrhythmias |
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; e’, early diastolic septal mitral annular velocity; E, early diastolic mitral valve flow velocity; E/A, peak of mitral flow spectrum; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; N/A, non-applicable; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure; RVEDD, right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; sPAP, systolic pulmonary arterial hypertension; TR, tricuspid valve regurgitation.