Baseline patient characteristics in the external validation cohort (RAFFINE registry)
| Item | Cluster 1 (n=418) | Cluster 2 (n=1341) | Cluster 3 (n=664) | Cluster 4 (n=648) | Cluster 5 (n=781) | P value |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||||
| Age, years | 55.3±6.7 | 70.9±7.6 | 72.7±6.9 | 79.4±6.2 | 76.6±6.1 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 361 (86.3) | 1201 (89.5) | 467 (70.3) | 54 (8.3) | 561 (71.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.1±3.9 | 24.4±3.3 | 22.2±3.0 | 22.2±3.7 | 24.4±3.6 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 119±13 | 128±14 | 118±14 | 126±16 | 127±16 | <0.001 |
| AF type, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Paroxysmal AF | 205 (50.3) | 498 (37.5) | 247 (37.6) | 266 (41.3) | 241 (31.0) | – |
| Persistent AF | 57 (14.0) | 125 (9.4) | 57 (8.7) | 56 (8.7) | 60 (7.7) | – |
| Permanent AF | 145 (35.6) | 703 (53.0) | 353 (53.7) | 321 (46.9) | 476 (61.2) | – |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 63 (15.1) | 210 (15.6) | 123 (18.5) | 102 (15.7) | 667 (85.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 166 (39.7) | 1338 (99.8) | 9 (1.3) | 571 (88.1) | 722 (92.4) | <0.001 |
| History of heart failure | 61 (14.6) | 228 (17.0) | 145 (21.8) | 219 (33.8) | 264 (33.8) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 4 (0.9) | 82 (6.1) | 25 (3.7) | 22 (3.4) | 68 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 0.9±0.7 | 2.8±0.9 | 2.2±0.9 | 4.5±0.9 | 4.8±1.1 | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score | 0.8±0.6 | 2.0±0.6 | 2.2±0.6 | 2.2±0.6 | 2.8±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Antiplatelet use | 57 (18.7) | 337 (26.3) | 123 (20.0) | 139 (23.2) | 338 (43.5) | <0.001 |
| DOAC use | 184 (44.0) | 658 (49.0) | 286 (43.0) | 277 (42.7) | 254 (32.5) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin use | 85 (20.3) | 561 (41.8) | 304 (45.7) | 279 (43.0) | 493 (63.1) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 147±13 | 141±14 | 136±15 | 120±14 | 131±16 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 206±48 | 192±52 | 186±55 | 200±68 | 187±60 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193±30 | 178±31 | 183±29 | 183±32 | 171±33 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 160±142 | 134±85 | 120±65 | 113±61 | 127±70 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.0±1.5 | 6.0±1.5 | 5.6±1.4 | 5.6±1.6 | 6.0±1.5 | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 25±12 | 26±16 | 26±15 | 23±9 | 25±5 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 26±16 | 21±12 | 21±14 | 16±9 | 19±21 | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 14±3 | 17±5 | 17±6 | 19±8 | 20±10 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.1 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.8±0.6 | 0.8±0.6 | 1.2±1.2 | <0.001 |
| CrCl, mL/min | 107±31 | 73±24 | 65±20 | 48±18 | 56±23 | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 64 (40–111) | 102 (52–172) | 99 (53–184) | 135 (68–236) | 141 (78–233) | <0.001 |
Values are shown as mean±SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
AF, atrial fibrillation; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age 65–74 years and male; CrCl, creatinine clearance; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; RAFFINE, Registry of Japanese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Focused on anticoagulant therapy in New Era.