Baseline patient characteristics in the derivation cohort (SAKURA AF registry)
| Item | Cluster 1 (n=414) | Cluster 2 (n=1003) | Cluster 3 (n=517) | Cluster 4 (n=652) | Cluster 5 (n=469) | P value |
| Baseline clinical data | ||||||
| Age, years | 57.1±6.8 | 71.2±6.8 | 73.2±6.2 | 79.0±6.8 | 75.4±6.7 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 380 (91.8) | 944 (94.1) | 427 (82.6) | 101 (15.5) | 398 (84.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.8±4.2 | 24.6±3.4 | 22.6±2.9 | 22.5±3.3 | 24.9±3.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 123±13 | 131±16 | 120±13 | 128±16 | 130±17 | <0.001 |
| AF type, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Paroxysmal AF | 164 (39.7) | 355 (35.7) | 179 (35.1) | 276 (42.6) | 136 (29.3) | – |
| Persistent AF | 101 (24.4) | 233 (23.4) | 105 (20.6) | 120 (18.5) | 124 (26.7) | – |
| Permanent AF | 148 (35.8) | 407 (40.9) | 225 (44.2) | 253 (38.9) | 204 (43.9) | – |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 70 (16.9) | 147 (14.6) | 67 (12.9) | 89 (13.6) | 320 (68.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 206 (49.7) | 998 (99.5) | 2 (0.4) | 542 (83.1) | 432 (92.1) | <0.001 |
| History of heart failure | 76 (18.3) | 154 (15.3) | 102 (19.7) | 206 (31.6) | 141 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 4 (0.9) | 44 (4.4) | 24 (4.6) | 37 (5.6) | 58 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.0±0.7 | 2.6±0.7 | 2.0±0.8 | 4.1±0.9 | 4.7±1.0 | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score | 0.3±0.5 | 1.3±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.4±0.6 | 2.4±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Antiplatelet use | 12 (2.9) | 130 (12.9) | 61 (11.8) | 75 (11.5) | 204 (43.5) | <0.001 |
| DOAC use | 256 (61.8) | 504 (50.2) | 288 (55.7) | 364 (55.8) | 187 (39.9) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin use | 158 (38.1) | 499 (49.7) | 229 (44.3) | 288 (44.1) | 282 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 149±13 | 142±14 | 137±14 | 123±13 | 135±16 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 215±50 | 199±51 | 193±55 | 200±57 | 195±81 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195±30 | 185±31 | 186±31 | 185±33 | 175±30 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 169±109 | 142±107 | 121±71 | 116±74 | 140±103 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.1±1.4 | 6.0±1.4 | 5.7±1.3 | 5.4±1.5 | 6.0±1.3 | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 29±20 | 27±13 | 25±8 | 25±10 | 25±10 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 29±19 | 22±14 | 19±9 | 17±10 | 20±11 | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 14±7 | 17±6 | 17±6 | 19±7 | 19±9 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.1 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.8±0.3 | 1.1±0.6 | <0.001 |
| CrCl, mL/min | 103±29 | 71±20 | 63±17 | 49±17 | 60±21 | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 60 (25–106) | 96 (49–175) | 101 (56–176) | 138 (70–248) | 95 (61–196) | <0.001 |
Values are shown as mean±SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
AF, atrial fibrillation; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age 65–74 years and male; CrCl, creatinine clearance; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; HAS-BLED, hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile international normalised ratio, age >65 years and use of drugs/alcohol; SAKURA AF, Real World Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Patients Treated with Warfarin and Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants.