Echocardiographic pitfalls
| False positive diagnosis of HCM |
| Conditions simulating LVH/ASH |
| Oblique sections of ventricular walls (off axis views) |
| Moderator band (right ventricular) |
| Left ventricular false tendons |
| Sigmoid septum of elderly |
| Other forms of ventricular hypertrophy |
| Hypertensive patients with inferior myocardial infarction |
| Right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Athlete's heart |
| Infiltrative disorders |
| Cardiac amyloidosis |
| Haemochromatosis |
| Friedreich's ataxia |
| Incidental detection of outflow tract gradient |
| Associated with ventricular hypertrophy |
| Dialysis patients |
| False negative diagnosis of HCM |
| Conditions without ASH |
| Apical hypertrophy |
| Localised LVH |
| Mild concentric LVH |
| Absence of left ventricular hypertrophy |
| Children and adolescents |
| Protein binding C mutations |
| Troponin T mutations |
| End stage HCM with dilated fibrotic LV |
ASH, asymmetrical hypertrophy of the ventricular septum; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.