Normal pulmonary venous flow velocity values
| 10–19 years | 20–29 years | 30–39 years | 40–49 years | 50–59 years | ⩾ 60 years | All subjects | |
| Peak S (cm/s) TTE | 48 (14) (n=14) | 49 (12) (n=77) | 54 (14) (n=94) | 57 (11) (n=52) | 57 (14)2-150 (n=39) | 59 (12) (n=36) | |
| Peak S (cm/s) TOE | 35 (n=1) | 49 (13) (n=16) | 54 (17) (n=35) | 58 (15) (n=17) | 70 (14)2-150 (n=15) | 64 (19) (n=16) | |
| Peak D (cm/s) TTE | 66 (16) (n=14) | 64 (13) (n=77) | 59 (12)2-150 (n=94) | 56 (13) (n=52) | 48 (12) (n=39) | 49 (13) (n=36) | |
| Peak D (cm/s) TOE | 81 (n=1) | 61(10) (n=16) | 53 (17)2-150 (n=35) | 53 (10) (n=17) | 48 (11) (n=15) | 44 (13) (n=16) | |
| Peak A (cm/s) TTE | 25 (5) (n=11) | 22 (8) (n=61) | 24 (6)2-150 (n=77) | 27 (6) (n=44) | 26 (7) (n=36) | 29 (6)2-150 (n=30) | 23 (0.08) (n=81) |
| Peak A (cm/s) TOE | 18 (n=1) | 23 (8) (n=15) | 20 (8)2-150 (n=25) | 24 (9) (n=13) | 23 (10) (n=13) | 25 (6)2-150 (n=14) | |
| Sint (m) TTE | 0.115 (0.035) (n=14) | 0.123 (0.034) (n=77) | 0.133 (0.034) (n=94) | 0.138 (0.034) (n=52) | 0.140 (0.031) (n=39) | 0.149 (0.039) (n=36) | |
| Sint (m) TOE | 0.077 (n=1) | 0.109 (0.034) (n=16) | 0.120 (0.033) (n=35) | 0.119 (0.030) (n=17) | 0.136 (0.031) (n=15) | 0.154 (0.046) (n=16) | |
| Dint (m) TTE | 0.143 (0.033) (n=14) | 0.150 (0.032)2-150 (n=77) | 0.139 (0.031)2-150 (n=94) | 0.123 (0.037) (n=52) | 0.106 (0.024)2-150 (n=39) | 0.106 (0.028)2-150(n=36) | |
| Dint (m) TOE | 0.136 (n=1) | 0.118 (0.027)2-150(n=16) | 0.100 (0.029)2-150 (n=35) | 0.104 (0.029) (n=17) | 0.085 (0.034)2-150 (n=15) | 0.085 (0.034)2-150 (n=16) | |
| Aint (m) TTE | 0.020 (0.006) (n=11) | 0.022 (0.011) (n=61) | 0.024 (0.006)2-150(n=77) | 0.028 (0.011)2-150 (n=44) | 0.025 (0.007)2-150 (n=36) | 0.028 (0.008)2-150 (n=30) | 0.018 (0.009) (n=81) |
| Aint (m) TOE | 0.014 (n=1) | 0.018 (0.008) (n=15) | 0.015 (0.007)2-150 (n=25) | 0.020 (0.012)2-150 (n=13) | 0.016 (0.010)2-150 (n=13) | 0.022 (0.009)2-150(n=14) | |
| Sdecel (ms) TTE | 284 (101) (n=12) | 267 (82)2-150(n=70) | 264 (88)2-150 (n=90) | 248 (70)2-150 (n=51) | 270 (127) (n=38) | 241 (79) (n=35) | 262 (89)2-150 (n=299) |
| Sdecel (ms) TOE | 177 (n=1) | 209 (77)2-150 (n=16) | 191 (62)2-150 (n=33) | 192 (75)2-150(n=16) | 201 (96) (n=13) | 229 (48) (n=16) | 203 (70)2-150 (n=95) |
| Ddecel (ms) TTE | 198 (45) (n=13) | 196 (44)2-150 (n=72) | 202 (63)2-150(n=92) | 182 (66) (n=50) | 200 (73)2-150 (n=37) | 211 (73) (n=36) | 197 (62)2-150 (303) |
| Ddecel (ms) TOE | 133 (n=1) | 147 (24)2-150 (n=16) | 156 (53)2-150 (n=34) | 152 (72) (n=17) | 150 (41)2-150 (n=14) | 166 (65) (n=14) | 156 (54)2-150 (n=96) |
| R–S time (ms) TTE | 160 (39) (n=14) | 168 (51) (n=77) | 167 (56) (n=94) | 155 (52) (n=52) | 166 (42) (n=39) | 162 (59) (n=36) | 165 (53)2-150 (312) |
| R–S time (ms) TOE | 157 (n=1) | 150 (32) (n=16) | 155 (59) (n=35) | 133 (31) (n=17) | 155 (46) (n=15) | 165 (48) (n=16) | 150 (45)2-150 (n=100) |
| R–D time (ms) TTE | 515 (32) (n=14) | 552 (44)2-150 (n=77) | 559 (54) (n=94) | 533 (68) (n=52) | 550 (80) (n=39) | 543 (76) (n=36) | 548 (61) (n=312) |
| R–D time (ms) TOE | 533 (n=1) | 527 (37)2-150 (n=16) | 545 (31) (n=35) | 542 (79) (n=17) | 545 (47) (n=15) | 565 (68) (n=16) | 545 (52) (n=100) |
| Adur (ms) TTE | 108 (10) (n=11) | 118 (29)2-150 (n=61) | 123 (24)2-150 (n=77) | 116 (28)2-150(n=44) | 119 (26)2-150 (n=36) | 129 (43) (n=30) | 120 (28)2-150 (n=259) |
| Adur (ms) TOE | 87 (n=1) | 96 (17)2-150 (n=15) | 89 (20)2-150(n=25) | 94 (29)2-150 (n=13) | 92 (28)2-150 (n=13) | 111 (24) (n=14) | 96 (21)2-150 (n=81) |
| A–R' time (ms) TTE | 106 (36) (n=11) | 78 (33) (n=61) | 88 (43) (n=77) | 80 (32) (n=44) | 75 (33) (n=36) | 100 (47) (n=30) | 84 (39) (n=259) |
| A–R' time (ms) TOE | 73 (n=1) | 87 (39) (n=15) | 78 (36) (n=25) | 76 (39) (n=13) | 84 (20) (n=13) | 81 (26) (n=14) | 81(34) (n=81) |
| S:D TTE | 0.75 (0.23) (n=14) | 0.80 (0.30) (n=77) | 0.92 (0.22)2-150 (n=94) | 1.05 (0.31) (n=52) | 1.22 (0.31)2-150 (n=39) | 1.24 (0.32)2-150 (n=36) | |
| S:D TOE | 0.43 (n=1) | 0.81 (0.19) (n=16) | 1.08 (0.28)2-150 (n=35) | 1.13 (0.40) (n=17) | 1.51 (0.35)2-150 (n=15) | 1.57 (0.57)2-150(n=16) | |
| Sint/Dint TTE | 0.82 (0.28) (n=14) | 0.86 (0.32) (n=77) | 0.99 (0.29)2-150 (n=94) | 1.22 (0.45) (n=52) | 1.37 (0.35)2-150(n=39) | 1.44 (0.43) (n=36) | |
| Sint/Dint TOE | 0.57 (n=1) | 0.95 (0.31) (n=16) | 1.34 (0.73)2-150 (n=35) | 1.20 (0.36) (n=17) | 1.81 (0.73)2-150 (n=15) | 2.17 (1.25) (n=16) | |
| A−ATMF (ms) TTE | −26 (20) (n=11) | −23 (34) (n=61) | −30 (38) (n=77) | −33 (31) (n=44) | −20 (30)2-150 (n=36) | −29 (53) (n=30) | |
| A−ATMF (ms) TOE | 0 (1) | −34 (14) (n=15) | −38 (34) (n=25) | −29 (40) (n=13) | −45 (19)2-150(n=13) | −39 (42) (n=14) |
Values are mean (SD), for non-age-dependent variables only.
↵2-150 p < 0.05, transthoracic v transoesophageal echocardiography within the corresponding age group.
A−ATMF, difference between the duration of the pulmonary venous flow reversal at atrial contraction and the late diastolic transmitral flow duration; Adur, duration of reverse flow at atrial contraction; Aint, time–velocity integral of reverse flow at atrial contraction; A–R′ time, time from peak A velocity to the following ECG R wave; Ddecel, deceleration time of antegrade diastolic flow; Dint, time–velocity integral of antegrade diastolic flow; Peak A, peak reversal flow velocity at atrial contraction; Peak D, peak antegrade diastolic flow velocity; Peak S, peak systolic flow velocity; R–D time, time from ECG peak R wave to peak diastolic flow velocity; R–S time, time from ECG R wave to peak systolic flow velocity; S:D, ratio of systolic to diastolic peak flow velocity; Sdecel, deceleration time of systolic flow; Sint, time–velocity integral of systolic flow; TOE, transeosophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.