Interventions used in experimental animal models to reduce no-reflow
| Intervention | Species | Methods for assessing no-reflow | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| EM, electron microscopy; LM, light microscopy; MCE, myocardial contrast echocardiography. | |||
| Adenosine | |||
| Adenosine, intracoronary and intravenous application during reperfusion | Dogs | Radioactive microspheres, EM | Improved regional myocardial blood flow, ultrastructural preservation of endothelial cells, less neutrophil infiltration, in one study only effective in combination with lidocaine |
| Calcium channel antagonists | |||
| Nisoldipine before ischaemia | Rats | Fluorescein perfusion | Reduced area of no-reflow with nisoldipine in globally ischaemic isolated hearts |
| Gallopamil during ischaemia | Rabbits | Thioflavin S | Reduced no reflow with gallopamil during ischaemia, accompanied by infarct size reduction |
| Neutrophil depletion | |||
| Reperfusion with neutrophil depleted blood (filter) | Dogs | Thioflavin S | Reduction of anatomical no reflow with concomitant infarct size reduction |
| Intraperitoneal mustin hydrochloride | Rats | Constant pressure perfusion (Langendorff) | Explanted hearts after global ischaemia for 4 hours (4°C) were transplanted into the abdomen of the recipient. After different times of in situ reperfusion, Langendorff perfusion revealed better recovery of coronary flow after leucocyte depletion |
| Reperfusion with intracoronary oxygenated perfluorochemical | Dogs | Thioflavin S, coloured microspheres, EM, LM | Reduced area of no-reflow, less leucocyte plugging, preservation of endothelial structure |
| Oxygen derived free radical scavenging | |||
| Superoxide dismutase and catalase during reperfusion | Dogs | Radioactive microspheres, EM | Preservation of endocardial regional blood flow, less ultrastructural damage to the endothelium within myocardial necrosis, pronounced hyperaemic response in treated animals after 10 minutes of reperfusion |
| Active site blocked factor VIIa | |||
| Active site blocked factor VIIa during reperfusion | Rabbits | Thioflavin S | Reduction of anatomical no-reflow and infarct size |
| Endothelin antagonism | |||
| Endothelin A antagonist during reperfusion | Dogs | MCE, radioactive microspheres | Enhanced microvascular flow after 180 minutes of reperfusion by contrast echocardiography and microspheres |