Causes of increased homocysteine concentrations3
| ▸ Aging |
|---|
| ▸ Smoking: greater effect in women |
| ▸ High alcohol intake |
| ▸ High coffee intake |
| ▸ Poor nutrition: deficiency of folate, B6, B12 |
| ▸ Endocrine: diabetes, hypothyroidism, postmenopausal |
| ▸ Renal failure |
| ▸ Autoimmune: rheumatoid arthritis |
| ▸ Enzyme mutations: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, cystathionine β synthase |
| ▸ Iatrogenic: methotrexate, phenytoin, metformin, fibrates |