Factors associated with in-hospital mortality: unadjusted estimates
| Factor | Category | Number | Deaths (%) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Excluding those with multiple valves infected; †abnormal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) defined as >7 mm/h (for those <40 years of age) and >20 mm/h (>40 years of age); ‡excluding those with negative culture; §test for trend. | ||||||
| CI, confidence interval; CRP, C reactive protein; UCLH, University College London Hospitals, WCC, white cell count. | ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | <65 | 147 | 24 (16.3) | 1 | 0.2 | |
| >65 | 60 | 14 (23.3) | 1.56 | 0.74 to 3.27 | ||
| Sex | Male | 137 | 22 (16.0) | 1 | 0.2 | |
| Female | 70 | 16 (22.85) | 1.549 | 0.75 to 3.18 | ||
| Duration of illness (days) | ≤5 | 45 | 11 (24.4) | 1 | 0.04* | |
| 6–21 | 50 | 6 (12.0) | 0.42 | 0.14 to 1.26 | ||
| 22–60 | 51 | 6 (11.9) | 0.41 | 0.14 to 1.23 | ||
| >60 | 29 | 2 (6.9) | 0.23 | 0.05 to 1.12 | ||
| Origin of patient | UCLH | 120 | 16 (13.3) | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Referred | 82 | 21 (25.6) | 2.23 | 1.09 to 4.61 | ||
| Clinical findings | ||||||
| Diabetes | No | 186 | 30 (16.1) | 1 | 0.07 | |
| Yes | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 2.89 | 0.91 to 9.23 | ||
| Predisposition | No | 24 | 8 (33.3) | 1 | 0.05 | |
| Yes | 183 | 30 (16.4) | 0.39 | 0.15 to 0.99 | ||
| Body mass index | Underweight | 38 | 4 (10.5) | 1 | 0.9 | |
| Healthy | 75 | 9 (12.0) | 1.16 | 0.33 to 4.04 | ||
| Overweight | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 1.55 | 0.25 to 9.62 | ||
| Haematological findings | ||||||
| Creatinine | <133 μmol/l | 139 | 19 (13.7) | 1 | 0.01 | |
| ≥133 μmol/l | 57 | 17 (29.8) | 2.68 | 1.27 to 5.65 | ||
| Albumin | ≥30 g/l | 133 | 12 (9.0) | 1 | <0.0001 | |
| <30 g/l | 59 | 21 (35.6) | 5.57 | 2.51 to 12.37 | ||
| WCC | 3 × 109–11 × 109/l | 102 | 4 (3.9) | 1 | <0.0001 | |
| <3 × 109 or >11 × 109/l | 90 | 29 (32.2) | 11.65 | 3.91 to 34.76 | ||
| CRP | <10 mg/l | 10 | 2 (20.0) | 1 | 0.6 | |
| ≥10 mg/l | 119 | 16 (13.4) | 0.62 | 0.12 to 3.19 | ||
| ESR† | Normal | 18 | 5 (27.8) | 1 | 0.1 | |
| Abnormal | 126 | 16 (12.7) | 0.38 | 0.12 to 1.21 | ||
| ECG and echocardiographic findings | ||||||
| Heart rhythm | Normal | 108 | 12 (11.1) | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Abnormal | 82 | 19 (23.2) | 2.41 | 1.09 to 5.31 | ||
| Valve type | Native | 141 | 23 (16.3) | 1 | 0.2 | |
| Prosthetic | 62 | 15 (24.1) | 1.63 | 0.78 to 3.40 | ||
| Visible vegetation | No | 79 | 10 (12.7) | 1 | 0.1 | |
| Yes | 128 | 28 (21.9) | 1.93 | 0.88 to 4.23 | ||
| Left ventricular function | Other | 154 | 26 (16.9) | 1 | 0.9 | |
| Poor | 17 | 3 (17.6) | 1.06 | 0.28 to 3.95 | ||
| Valve regurgitation | Other | 124 | 15 (12.0) | 1 | 0.02 | |
| Severe | 62 | 16 (25.8) | 2.52 | 1.15 to 5.53 | ||
| Embolic event | No | 167 | 29 (17.3) | 1 | 0.6 | |
| Yes | 34 | 7 (20.5) | 0.81 | 0.32 to 2.04 | ||
| Infected valve‡ | Aortic | 85 | 13 (15.3) | 1 | 0.7 | |
| Mitral | 77 | 14 (18.7) | 1.27 | 0.56 to 2.91 | ||
| Tricuspid | 18 | 2 (11.1) | 0.69 | 0.14 to 3.38 | ||
| Microbiological findings | ||||||
| Culture | Negative | 27 | 3 (11.1) | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Positive | 180 | 35 (19.4) | 1.93 | 0.55 to 6.78 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus§ | No | 133 | 24 (18.0) | 1 | 0.4 | |
| Yes | 47 | 11 (23.4) | 1.39 | 0.62 to 3.11 | ||
| Duke criteria | Other | 87 | 11 (12.6) | 1 | 0.07 | |
| Two major | 120 | 27 (22.5) | 2.01 | 0.94 to 4.31 | ||
| Surgery | No | 98 | 15 (15.3) | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Yes | 107 | 23 (21.5) | 1.52 | 0.74 to 3.12 | ||