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A novel sensor for routine continuous spirometry of intubated patients

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Abstract

Measurement of gas flow and airway pressure at the Y-piece of an endotracheal tube provides valuable information about airway integrity and basic pulmonary function [1]. We describe the working principle and design of the D-lite sensor (Datex Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland), which, in a single, lightweight adaptor piece, encloses flow, airway pressure, and sidestream gas measurement. The main emphasis in the design of this instrument was on reliable and accurate operation during continuous monitoring with exposure to humidity and mucus. Therefore, a robust flow-restrictor element with a pick-off arrangement resembling a Pitot tube was employed. This arrangement has nonlinear characteristics with potential difficulties in the measurement of small flows. However, these inherent drawbacks, together with compensations required because of varying gas fractions and pressure, can be handled by sophisticated computer algorithms at the host-monitor end (Capnomac Ultima [Datex Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland]). Validation methods with main results and a brief review of applications are given.

Abstrakt

Die Messung des Gasstromes und des Atemwegdruckes am Y-Stück eines Endotracheal-Tubus gibt wertvolle Informationen zur Funktionder Atemwege und der Lungenfunktion (1). Wir beschreiben das Funktionsprinzipund den Aufbau des D-lite-Sensors (DATEX Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finnland), der in einem einzigen, leichtgewichtigenAnschlußstück die Messung von Gasstrom, Atemwegsdruck und Gasanalyse im Seitenstrom erlaubt. In der Entwurfsphase wurde besonders auf eineverläßliche und genaue Funktion bei kontinuierlichem Überwachungseinsatz unter der Einwirkung von Feuchtigkeit und Sekretbildung geachtet. Deshalb wurde eine robuste Gasstrom-Blende mit einer dem Pitot-Rohr entsprechenden Aufnahmen-Anordnung angewandt. Diese Anordnungweist eine nichtlineare Charakteristik auf, was bei kleinem Gasstrom zu Schwierigkeiten führen könnte. Dieser prinzipbedingte Nachteil wie auch notwendige Kompensationen für variierende Gasanteile und -drucke wird durch hochentwickelte Computeralgorithmen im Monitor gelöst (Capnomac Ultima (Data Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsiniki, Finnland). Methoden zur Validierung und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse werden dargestellt sowie ein Überblick zu Anwendungen gegeben.

Resumen

La mediciòn del flujo de gas y de la presiòn de vìa aèrea entregan informaciòn valiosa en relaciòn a la integridad de la vìa aèrea y de la funciòn pulmonar. Describimos el principio de funcionamiento y el diseño del sensor D-lite (Datex Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland), el cual, en una pieza adaptadora ùnica y liviana, incorpora mediciones de flujo, presiòn de vìa aèrea, y mediciòn de gases lateral al flujo. El mayor ènfasis en el diseño de este instrumento fue su operaciòn exacta y confiable durante monitorizaciòn continuada con exposiciòn a humedad y mucosidades. Por lo tanto, se utilizò un elemento restrictor de flujo robusto, en una disposición de muestreo (“pick-off”) similar al tubo de Pitot. Esta disposiciòn posee caracterìsticas no-lineales con dificultades potenciales en la mediciòn de flujos pequeños. Sin embargo, estas desventajas inherentes, junto con las compensaciones requeridas debido a las fracciones de gas y presiones cambiantes, pudieron ser manejadas mediante algoritmos computacionales sofisticados a nivel del monitor-huèsped (Capnomac Ultima [Data Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland]). Se presentan los mètodos de validaciòn con los resultados principales y una breve revisiòn de las aplicaciones.

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Meriläinen, P., Hänninen, H. & Tuomaala, L. A novel sensor for routine continuous spirometry of intubated patients. J Clin Monitor Comput 9, 374–380 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01618680

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01618680

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