Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Resting heart rate predicts metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy non-obese Japanese men

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Acta Diabetologica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Autonomic nervous dysfunction is considered to be one of the mechanisms of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study is to investigate whether resting heart rate, a marker of autonomic nervous dysfunction, is a predictor of MetS in apparently healthy non-obese [body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2] Japanese men. This is an observational study through 3 years in apparently healthy Japanese 1,265 men and 793 women without MetS and with no history of cardiovascular disease and no use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antihyperlipidemic medication at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) of incident MetS were calculated for each 1 SD increase in heart rate stratified by gender and obesity. Incidence of MetS for each tertile of heart rate and HRs of MetS for the highest tertile (T3) compared with the lowest tertile (T1) were calculated stratified by gender and obesity. The HRs [95 % confidence intervals (CIs)] of MetS for each 1 SD increase in heart rate were 1.319 (1.035–1.681) (p = 0.025) in non-obese men, 1.172 (0.825–1.665) (p = 0.377) in obese men, 1.115 (0.773–1.608) (p = 0.560) in non-obese women, and 1.401 (0.944–2.078) (p = 0.094) in obese women adjusted for BMI, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity. The HRs (95 % CIs) of MetS for T3 were 2.138 (1.071–4.269) (p = 0.031) in non-obese men and 1.341 (0.565–3.180) (p = 0.506) in obese men adjusted for pre-existing five components of MetS, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity. In conclusion, an increase in resting heart rate was a significant predictor of MetS in non-obese Japanese men.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Oda E (2012) Metabolic syndrome: its history, mechanisms, and limitations. Acta Diabetol 49:89–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization (1999) Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  3. Expert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel). JAMA 285:2486–2497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2006) Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 23:469–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al (2005) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: a statement for health care professionals: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112:2735–2752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome. A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M (2005) The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2289–2304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Simmons RK, Alberti KG, Gale EA et al (2010) The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Diabetologia 53:600–605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Oda E (2008) The metabolic syndrome as a concept of adipose tissue disease. Hypertens Res 31:1283–1291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G et al (2005) Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 46:2347–2355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L (1996) Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities—the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 334:374–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Katagiri H, Yamada T, Oka Y (2007) Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders: disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals. Circ Res 101:27–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Niijima A (1998) Afferent signals from leptin sensors in the white adipose tissue of the epididymis, and their reflex effect in the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst 73:19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yamada T, Katagiri H, Ishigaki Y et al (2006) Signals from intra-abdominal fat modulate insulin and leptin sensitivity through different mechanisms: neuronal involvement in food-intake regulation. Cell Metab 3:223–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Carnethon MR, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Haskell W, Liao D (2003) A prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: atherosclerosis risk in communities study, 1987–1998. Circulation 107:2190–2195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ruderman NB, Schneider SH, Berchtold P (1981) The “metabolically-obese”, normal-weight individual. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1617–1621

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. The Examination Committee of Criteria for ‘Obesity Disease’ in Japan, Japan Society for the Study of Obesity (2002) New criteria for ‘obesity disease’ in Japan. Circ J 66:987–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Reaven GM (1988) Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–1607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cnop M, Landchild MJ, Vidal J et al (2002) The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51:1005–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R (2005) Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 111:1448–1454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim J, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ (2006) Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 113:1888–1904

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Inoue T, Oshiro S, Iseki K et al (2001) High heart rate relates to clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a screened cohort. Jpn Circ J 65:969–973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Oda E, Kawai R (2009) Significance of heart rate on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors in Japanese. Circ J 73:1431–1436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rogowski O, Steinvil A, Berliner S et al (2009) Elevated resting heart rate is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 8:55

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tomiyama H, Yamada J, Koji Y et al (2007) Heart rate elevation precedes the development of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men: a prospective study. Hypertens Res 30:417–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Inoue T, Iseki K, Iseki C, Ohya Y, Kinjo K, Takishita S (2009) Effect of heart rate on the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 32:801–806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Miyawaki T, Abe M, Yahata K, Kajiyama N, Katsuma H, Saito N (2004) Contribution of visceral fat accumulation to the risk factors for atherosclerosis in non-obese Japanese. Intern Med 43:1138–1144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Goto T, Onuma T, Takebe K, Kral JG (1995) The influence of fatty liver on insulin clearance and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Japanese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19:841–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Oda E, Kawai R (2009) Age- and gender-related differences in correlations between abdominal obesity and obesity-related metabolic risk factors in Japanese. Intern Med 48:497–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Johnson MS, DeMarco VG, Heesch CM et al (2011) Sex differences in baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, and end organ damage in the TGR(mRen2)27 rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301:H1540–H1550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ et al (2007) Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:823–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tverdal A, Hjellvik V, Selmer R (2008) Heart rate and mortality from cardiovascular causes: a 12 year follow-up study of 379,843 men and women aged 40–45 years. Eur Heart J 29:2772–2781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all subjects who participated in the study and the paramedical staff at our center who assisted with the study. The authors received no financial support for this study.

Conflict of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Check-up Center, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagachou 2-2-16, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0053, Japan

    Eiji Oda

  2. Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Japan

    Yoshifusa Aizawa

Authors
  1. Eiji Oda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yoshifusa Aizawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eiji Oda.

Additional information

Communicated by Renato Lauro.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oda, E., Aizawa, Y. Resting heart rate predicts metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy non-obese Japanese men. Acta Diabetol 51, 85–90 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-013-0503-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-013-0503-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation