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Diagnosis of hidden pacemaker lead sepsis by transesophageal echocardiography and a new technique for lead extraction

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Cited by (20)

  • A Review of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections for the Practicing Electrophysiologist

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    Both transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) play a role in the evaluation of patients with CIED infection, but their use is predominantly to evaluate for concurrent valvular involvement rather than for lead involvement. Although TEE is more sensitive than transthoracic echocardiography (97) for detecting lead vegetations (9,76,93), TEE may be negative in up to 37% of device infections (9,98). Conversely, material adherent to leads that resembles a vegetation is present on TEE in up to 14% of uninfected patients with CIEDs (99), and at autopsy, adherent thrombi and other material are found on leads in nearly one-half of patients with CIEDs (100).

  • Septicaemia with endocardial pacemaker

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