ArticlesAcute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study*
Introduction
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was first linked with the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) in a case report1 shortly after these drugs became available. Thereafter the results of many case-control studies2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 suggested that the association was causal, and three cohort studies18, 19, 20 provided limited but supportive information.
Most previous studies of the cardiovascular side-effects of OCs were undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s, and they provide limited information on risks associated with modern OCs, which have low oestrogen doses. Also, few data are available from outside northern Europe and the USA. In the time since most of the previous studies took place, prescribing recommendations have changed towards the preferential use of OCs by younger women who do not have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Thus, three case-control studies conducted during the 1990s15, 16, 17 showed only small and nonsignificant increases in risk of AMI associated with OC use in the UK and USA.
The WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception,21 a multicentre, hospital-based, case-control study carried out in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America (including the Caribbean), was designed to examine the association between use of modern OCs and three cardiovascular diseases. The results of the venous thromboembolism and stroke components of the study have been reported previously.22, 23, 24, 25 This paper reports findings on the AMI component of the study, the principal aim of which was to examine the association between a first AMI and current OC use in women from Europe and from the other three regions combined. Subsidiary aims were to investigate whether risk estimates differed among subgroups of women, such as smokers or women with hypertension, or according to type, duration, and past use of OCs, which most previous studies had been too small to address.
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Patients and methods
Detailed description of study methods has been given elsewhere.21, 22 This hospital-based, case-control study was undertaken in 21 centres in 17 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America (including the Caribbean). Each centre recruited cases and controls from a variable number of collaborating hospitals. Women were eligible as cases if they were aged 20–44 years (15–49 in three centres), had been admitted to a collaborating hospital between Feb 1, 1989, and Jan 31, 1995, and had a
Results
Of the 384 AMI cases, 89% in Europe and 78% in the developing countries were classified as definite. ECGs and cardiac enzyme results were available for more than 99% of cases in Europe and 90% in the developing countries. The data were insufficient in 16 women to allow their classification as definite or possible cases (table 1). All subsequent analyses exclude these “other” cases and their controls. The exclusion of the six cases and their controls common to this and a previously reported study
Discussion
Risk estimates for AMI associated with current OC use are substantially modified by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, and very few cases of AMI were identified among OC users who had no such risk factors and who reported a blood-pressure check before the current episode of OC use. Although current use of combined OCs was associated overall with a significantly increased risk of a first AMI, with adjusted odds ratios of about five in Europe and the developing countries, this
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Writing committee, study organisation, and participants listed at end of article