Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease and in hypertensive disease above all, is complex. Several studies confirm that activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), through increase in the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), is closely related to local vascular inflammation. Over the BP lowering effects of anti-hypertensive treatments, several ancillary effects for every class may be found, distinguishing the various drugs from one another. Given the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and aldosterone, agents that interfere with the components of RAAS, such as ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Recpetor Blockers (ARBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone or the more selective eplerenone), represent logical therapeutic tools to reduce vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk, as suggested in large clinical trials in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Regarding ACE inhibitors, actually there is no convincing evidence indicating that ACEi’s reduce plasma levels of major inflammatory markers in hypertension models. Lack of evidence concerns especially these inflammation markers, such as fibrinogen of CRP, which are less closely related to atherosclerotic disease and vascular damage and conversely are affected by several more aspecific factors. Results obtained by trials accomplished using ARBs seem to be more univocal to confirm, although to great extent, these is an anti-inflmmatory effect of drugs bocking AT1 receptor. In order to strictly study the effects of blockage of RAAS on inflammation, future studies may explore different strategies by, for example, simultaneously acting on the ACE and the AT1 angiotensin receptors.
Keywords: Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin recpetor blockers, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, receptor antagonists, fibrinogen, CRP
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Effects of ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Inflammation
Volume: 18 Issue: 28
Author(s): D. Di Raimondo, A. Tuttolomondo, C. Butta, S. Miceli, G. Licata and A. Pinto
Affiliation:
Keywords: Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin recpetor blockers, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, receptor antagonists, fibrinogen, CRP
Abstract: The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease and in hypertensive disease above all, is complex. Several studies confirm that activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), through increase in the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), is closely related to local vascular inflammation. Over the BP lowering effects of anti-hypertensive treatments, several ancillary effects for every class may be found, distinguishing the various drugs from one another. Given the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and aldosterone, agents that interfere with the components of RAAS, such as ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Recpetor Blockers (ARBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone or the more selective eplerenone), represent logical therapeutic tools to reduce vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk, as suggested in large clinical trials in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Regarding ACE inhibitors, actually there is no convincing evidence indicating that ACEi’s reduce plasma levels of major inflammatory markers in hypertension models. Lack of evidence concerns especially these inflammation markers, such as fibrinogen of CRP, which are less closely related to atherosclerotic disease and vascular damage and conversely are affected by several more aspecific factors. Results obtained by trials accomplished using ARBs seem to be more univocal to confirm, although to great extent, these is an anti-inflmmatory effect of drugs bocking AT1 receptor. In order to strictly study the effects of blockage of RAAS on inflammation, future studies may explore different strategies by, for example, simultaneously acting on the ACE and the AT1 angiotensin receptors.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Di Raimondo D., Tuttolomondo A., Butta C., Miceli S., Licata G. and Pinto A., Effects of ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Inflammation, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (28) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802481282
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802481282 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Autocrine/Paracrine Loop After Myocardial Stretch: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation
Current Cardiology Reviews Heart Failure Models: Traditional and Novel Therapy
Current Vascular Pharmacology Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system Relation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Approaches to Drug Discovery for Chagas Disease: Methodological Advances
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Pathological Roles of Iron in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Drug Targets Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Heart Failure Patients: A Test of the Cardiac Disease-induced PTSD Hypothesis
Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Patent Selections:
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Omecamtiv Mecarbil: A Myosin Motor Activator Agent with Promising Clinical Performance and New in vitro Results
Current Medicinal Chemistry Ryanodine Receptor - A Novel Therapeutic Target in Heart Disease
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Pacemaker Induced Cardiomyopathy: An Overview of Current Literature
Current Cardiology Reviews Endothelial Dysfunction: Methods of Assessment and Application to Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bapineuzumab in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Phase 2, Open-Label Extension Study
Current Alzheimer Research Prevention of Atherosclerosis by Interference with the Vascular Nitric Oxide System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Electrochemical Study of DNA Damaged by Oxidation Stress
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Roles of Perilipins in Diseases and Cancers
Current Genomics Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Doxorubicin Sensitizes the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Mediated (TRAIL) Apoptosis In Vitro but not In Vivo
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Unfolded Protein Response as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Distribution of Left Ventricular Thrombus among Patients with Significantly Impaired Systolic Function
New Emirates Medical Journal Anticoagulation in Patients with Heart Failure
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry