AL (primary or immunoglobulin light chain) amyloidosis (AL) differs from myeloma per se in that tissue deposits of amyloid are found, typically in association with small numbers of clonal plasma cells producing lambda light chains, and also in that AL patients typically present with a predominantly dysfunctional organ-system. This constellation of features - fibrillar deposits comprised of light chains, lambda light chain predominance, and organ-system tropism and dysfunction - remains unexplained. Select patients with AL respond to haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) with clinical improvement and extended survival, particularly those who do not have cardiac involvement. In order to ascertain whether the organ-system tropism of AL was associated with immunoglublin light chain variable region (Ig VL) germline gene utilization, we attempted to clone, sequence and assign germline donors to the clonal Ig VL genes of 62 AL patients, all of whom were treated with SCT. We succeeded in 39 cases, identifying clonal AL genes derived from donors of the lambdaI (n = 10), lambdaII (n = 5), lambdaIII (n = 6), lambdaVI (n = 11) and KI (n = 7) subtypes. The majority of the donors (IGLV6S1, DPL5, DPL2, DPL23 and LFVK431) were genes that appear in the expressed repertoire <5% of the time, suggesting an intrinsic propensity to form amyloid under certain conditions. Patients whose clones derived from the lambdaVI IGLV6S1 donor uniformly presented with dominant renal involvement while those with other Vlambda or unknown donors often had dominant cardiac or other organ involvement, particularly patients whose clones derived from the lambdaI DPL2 donor. In addition, both early (<3 months) and overall post-SCT survival were significantly better in lambdaVI IGLV6S1 patients compared to patients with other Vlambda donors. These findings indicate that there are important associations in AL amyloidosis among Ig VL gene utilization, organ-system tropism and post-SCT survival.