Objectives: We aimed to test the hypothesis that coronary microvascular spasm (MVS) alone causes myocardial ischemia in patients with angina attributable to epicardial coronary spasm, and to determine whether there is a difference in clinical characteristics between those with and without microvascular spasm.
Background: Patients with "vasospastic angina" have epicardial coronary artery spasm, but it is unknown whether coronary microvessel disease also contributes to the occurrence of angina in these patients.
Methods: We studied 55 consecutive patients with angina in whom epicardial coronary spasm was provoked by intracoronary acetylcholine (ACH).
Results: In 14 patients (25.5%, Group 1), submaximal dose of ACH induced myocardial ischemia (chest pain, ischemic electrocardiogram changes, lactate production) without large epicardial spasm, suggesting the occurrence of coronary microvascular spasm. By contrast, the remaining 41 patients (Group 2) had evidence of myocardial ischemia only when epicardial spasm was angiographically demonstrated. The Group 1 patients were predominantly women (p < 0.05) and had a history of prolonged (>30 min) chest pain (p < 0.05), whereas the Group 2 patients were more likely men and smokers (p < 0.01).
Conclusions: Myocardial ischemia most probably due to coronary MVS was demonstrated in a sizable portion of patients with epicardial vasospasm, preferentially in women having both typical and prolonged anginal pain. The result suggests that coronary microvascular disease may also contribute to angina in patients with "vasospastic angina."