With the exception of the pain of acute aortic dissection, the thoracic aorta is not usually considered as a pain-producing organ. However, nineteenth century clinicians considered the aorta as a source of cardiovascular pain in the presence of autopsy-documented inflammatory aortitis, aortic aneurysms, and arterial hypertension, whereas early in the twentieth century, aortic pain reactions were elicited in experimental studies involving distension of the ascending aorta or the application of stimulating substances to the outer surface of the aorta. More recently, increased attention to aortic elastic properties, and to aortic vascular biology at the molecular level refocused interest on the many facets of aortic function beyond that of a simple conduit. The recognition of pain of thoracic aortic origin now extends to patients with progressive aortic syndromes such as aortic intramural hematoma, aortic intimal tears, aortic penetrating ulcers, aortic root dilatation without dissection in connective tissue disorders, inflammatory aortopathies, and abnormalities of aortic distensibility. The occurrence of pain during balloon inflation at balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation, which disappears immediately after deflation, is the modern equivalent of the early experimental studies. The authors present a consideration of thoracic aortic pain in light of contemporary concepts in cardiovascular medicine with roots in the rich historical reservoir of information about aortic function and disease.