The absence of vegetation in urban areas contributes to the establishment of the urban heat
island, markedly increasing thermal stress for residents, driving morbidity and mortality …

Several distinct cell types in the adult central nervous system have been suggested to act as
stem or progenitor cells generating new cells under physiological or pathological conditions …

In this study, the surface temperature, net radiation, water content ratio, etc., of green roofs
and high reflection roofs are observed. The heat and water budget are compared to each …

Distinct classes of neurons are generated at defined times and positions during
development of the nervous system. It remains elusive how specification of neuronal identity …

Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis has recently been reported, but the cell of origin and the
function of these newborn neurons are unknown. Using genetic fate mapping, we found that …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh), an organizing signal from ventral midline structures, is essential for
the induction and maintenance of many ventral cell types in the embryonic neural tube …

Despite their abundance, still little is known about the rather frequent, constantly proliferating
progenitors spread throughout the adult mouse brain parenchyma. The majority of these …

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors have been shown to be essential for
specification of various cell types. Here, we describe a novel bHLH family consisting of three …

Astrocytes become reactive following various brain insults; however, the functions of reactive
astrocytes are poorly understood. Here, we show that reactive astrocytes function as …

All eukaryotic cells are composed of the cytoskeleton, which plays crucial roles in
coordinating diverse cellular functions such as cell division, morphology, migration …