Background Hormone therapy (HT) is widely used for controlling menopausal symptoms
and has also been used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease …

Background Dysmenorrhoea is a common gynaecological problem consisting of painful
cramps accompanying menstruation, which in the absence of any underlying abnormality is …

Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common cause of physical, psychological
and social problems in women of reproductive age. The key characteristic of PMS is the …

Background Surgical ovarian wedge resection was the first established treatment for women
with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but was largely abandoned both due to …

Background Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a significant health problem in
premenopausal women; it can reduce their quality of life and cause anaemia. First‐line …

Background Heavy menstrual bleeding significantly impairs the quality of life of many
otherwise healthy women. Perception of heavy menstrual bleeding is subjective and …

Background Declining circulating estrogen levels around the time of the menopause can
induce unacceptable symptoms that affect the health and well being of women. Hormone …

Background A wide variety of grafts have been introduced with the aim of improving the
outcomes of traditional native tissue repair (colporrhaphy) for vaginal prolapse. Objectives …

Background Embryo incubation and assessment is a vital step in assisted reproductive
technology (ART). Traditionally, embryo assessment has been achieved by removing …

Background Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, are very common
during the menopausal transition. Hormone replacement therapy has traditionally been …