Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Introduction The Afghanistan war (2003–2014) was a unique period in military medicine. Many service personnel survived injuries of a severity that would have been fatal at any other time in history; the long-term health outcomes of such injuries are unknown. The ArmeD SerVices TrAuma and RehabilitatioN OutComE (ADVANCE) study aims to determine the long-term effects on both medical and psychosocial health of servicemen surviving this severe combat related trauma.
Methods and analysis ADVANCE is a prospective cohort study. 1200 Afghanistan-deployed male UK military personnel and veterans will be recruited and will be studied at 0, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 years. Half are personnel who sustained combat trauma; a comparison group of the same size has been frequency matched based on deployment to Afghanistan, age, sex, service, rank and role. Participants undergo a series of physical health tests and questionnaires through which information is collected on cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD risk factors, musculoskeletal disease, mental health, functional and social outcomes, quality of life, employment and mortality.
Ethics and dissemination The ADVANCE Study has approval from the Ministry of Defence Research Ethics Committee (protocol no:357/PPE/12) agreed 15 January 2013. Its results will be disseminated through manuscripts in clinical/academic journals and presentations at professional conferences, and through participant and stakeholder communications.
Trial registration number The ADVANCE Study is registered at ISRCTN ID: ISRCTN57285353.
- cardiac epidemiology
- rehabilitation medicine
- mental health
- musculoskeletal disorders
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Strengths and limitations of this study
ArmeD SerVices TrAuma and RehabilitatioN OutComE (ADVANCE) is, worldwide, the only longitudinal cohort study to evaluate the effect of combat trauma on a range of health indicators in military personnel who served in the Afghanistan war.
ADVANCE will provide a wide range of longitudinal data across sociodemographic, physical health and mental health outcomes, providing evidence for incidence and risk of disease and other non-disease related outcomes.
ADVANCE will provide high levels of evidence that will influence future healthcare of combat and major trauma patients.
Participants were injured between 5 and 16 years prior to baseline data collection, and the length of time since injury may have an effect on various physical and mental health indicators.
As with any cohort study, there is potential for response bias.
Introduction
During the Afghanistan war between 2003 and 2014, the UK military sustained over 2400 combat casualties.1 Many had such severe injuries that in previous conflicts they would have died, if it were not for the trauma care provided by the UK Defence Medical Services; they are frequently termed ‘unexpected survivors’.2 Rehabilitation took place at the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) at Headley Court, often over many months, and the short-term outcomes have been favourable.3–8 However, the longer term outcomes of this cohort of severely injured personnel are unclear. Understanding medical and psychosocial outcomes in this population will provide evidence for, and influence the future care of, patients in trauma and rehabilitation services worldwide.
Previous studies into war veterans from earlier conflicts, such as the Vietnam war and World War II, have investigated long-term health outcomes. However, studies investigating combat injury and consequent adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes9–36 have low strength of evidence for cause and effect. Others have investigated only mental health outcomes37–39 or mortality.23 38–44 Studies of musculoskeletal (MSK) outcomes in combat amputees, such as osteoarthritis/osteopenia, pain and physical functioning, have been either retrospective, small in numbers, inconclusive,45–47 short-term,48 or focused on surrogates of outcome such as return to military duty.49 Many studies investigating veterans’ long-term outcomes are either not specifically related to combat trauma22–37 or are of cross sectional or retrospective design making it difficult to draw robust conclusions from them.10–13 15–25 27 29 30 32 34 38 39
Current knowledge
Cardiovascular disease
Combat injuries have been shown to be associated with CVD in Finnish war veterans,14 Israeli lower-limb amputee veterans18 and US Vietnam veterans.50 While this evidence suggests battlefield-injured ex-personnel or serving personnel are at higher risk of CVD, the strength of evidence is low,14 18 50 and the only UK data36 challenge these findings, suggesting that veterans may be at lower risk for acute myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the mechanisms that drive this potentially increased risk are poorly understood.
Systolic blood pressure and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP), lipid profiles (eg, cholesterol, triglycerides, etc), heart rate, obesity and smoking are well-validated measures of CVD risk.51 Large artery stiffness, leading to increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) and accelerated arterial wave reflections causing an increase in myocardial demand, central systolic blood pressure and a decrease in coronary artery perfusion pressure, are promising additional risk markers. Increased PWV has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in several population groups, including healthy controls,52–57 and has the potential to identify CVD risk earlier than traditional risk factors and to help better understand the aetiology of CVD.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is another risk factor for disease. Temporal changes in cardiac beat-to-beat intervals are subject to continuous autonomic nervous system influence and competing sympathetic versus parasympathetic control. As a marker for altered autonomic balance, HRV has been linked to adverse clinical conditions such as cardiac death, stroke and poor mental health.58–64
In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis,9 it was concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to confidently link combat related traumatic injury to an increased risk of CVD and associated risk factors. The review identified the need for high-quality data from a more contemporary and prospective study.
Musculoskeletal health
The consequences of severe MSK trauma often result in functional limitations to the individual, and a significant socioeconomic cost to society.65 An improved understanding of the effect of trauma and amputation on the MSK system, and of disease processes and progress over time, is essential to provide effective long-term care of complex trauma casualties. There is some evidence to suggest an association between osteoarthritis and amputation,45 64 possibly reflecting alterations in the biomechanics of the amputee’s movement, by which degenerative changes such as osteoarthritis of the knee/hip can occur.66 67 However, few risk factors have been identified regarding hip/knee osteoarthritis.47 Similarly, femoral neck osteopenia45 46 68 and back pain69 70 appear to be prevalent in traumatic amputee populations. Long-term longitudinal prospective evidence of disease prevalence, risk and progression is required to understand the aetiology of these diseases.
Mental health
Among UK military personnel and veterans who deployed to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the prevalence of common mental disorders is estimated to be 22%.71 For veterans with physical impairments, reported rates of common mental disorders range from 10% to 46% for depression and 16% to 36% for anxiety disorders (excluding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)).72 However, these figures come from a predominantly US population and have not been specifically investigated in combat injured populations.
The prevalence of PTSD in UK military veterans who served during the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts has increased, from 4% in 200673 and 201037 to around 6% in 2018.71 This, along with reported rates of PTSD ranging from 2% to 59% in ex-/serving personnel with a physical impairment,72 highlights the need to be monitoring mental health in military personnel and especially in those who are combat casualties.
The incidence of other important long-term outcomes including all-cause mortality, hearing loss, drug and alcohol use, physical function, quality of life, social and employment outcomes is largely unknown, particularly in combat casualties.
Hypotheses and objectives
The objective of the ArmeD SerVices TrAuma RehabilitatioN OutComE (ADVANCE) study is to investigate the long-term medical and psychosocial outcomes of UK military personnel who sustained combat trauma. We hypothesise that combat trauma casualties will have an increased incidence of adverse medical, psychosocial and vocational long-term outcomes compared with equivalent but non-injured service personnel.
Methods and analysis
Study design
The ADVANCE Study is a prospective 20-year cohort study. The ADVANCE study aims to recruit ‘exposed’ adult males (n=600) who sustained physical combat trauma while on deployment in Afghanistan and required aeromedical evacuation to a UK hospital. A frequency matched unexposed comparison group (n=600) of males without combat injury will be also recruited.
Study population
Participants are recruited from ex-/serving UK military personnel who deployed on combat operations to Afghanistan between 2003 and 2014.
Recruitment
Recruitment started in March 2016 and will be finished by Autumn 2020; the inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in box 1. Volunteers from both the ‘exposed’ and ‘comparison’ cohorts are recruited from two lists provided by Defence Statistics UK. The first is a list of serving and ex-serving military personnel who sustained a combat injury (n=1400). The second is a list of men who had not sustained an injury for the comparison group (n=2100), frequency matched to the injured group based on age, service, rank, role, regiment and deployment (figures 1 and 2). Deployment refers to a specific deployment period of interest. For the exposed (injured) group, this is the deployment period in which they sustained their injury. The unexposed (comparison) group was frequency matched based on deploying within the same period without sustaining a physical combat related injury. The following data sources were used to identify the potential participants: the initial Notification of Casualty System; the Defence Patient Tracking System; the Defence Medical Information Capability Programme; the DMRC Complex Trauma Database; the DRMC Prosthetic database; the Joint Theatre Trauma Registry; and the Joint Personnel Administration (JPA).
Sampling flow chart for injured personnel.
Sampling flow chart for comparison personnel.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
UK Armed services personnel
Male
Exposed only: Sustaining physical battlefield trauma, while on deployment to Afghanistan, requiring aeromedical evacuation and direct UK hospital admission
Exposed only: injured between 2003 and the end of 2014.
Exclusion Criteria
Females
Patients who are unwilling or unable to give informed consent
Patients with established cardiovascular disease (previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease) prior to injury/deployment of interest
Medical history of diabetes prior to injury/deployment of interest
Past medical history of renal or liver disease prior to injury/deployment of injury
Aged <18 and >50 years
Active acute infection with at least 2two systemic features of sepsis*, at the time of recruitment, as defined below. Potential participant with active acute infection will be considered for recruitment once the acute illness is treated and resolved.
Temperature >38°C or <36°C
Heart rate >90 beats/min
Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min participants suffering from an acute infection will be excluded initially but will be reapproached to take part once the infection resolves.
Comparison group only: subsequent combat injury sustained while on deployment in Afghanistan after matching.
*American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. 1992
Participants are recruited through postal mailouts, e-mail invitations and telephone calls, and where necessary traced via JPA contacts, if still serving, and through electoral roll data, social media or advertising via military charities.
Setting
Data is collected during a 1 day study visit to the DMRC at Headley Court (March 2016–August 2018) or Stanford Hall (after August 2018). The study day starts at 07:45, and participants arrive in a fasted state (8 hours); investigations are completed by 14:00 (figure 3). Participants will be invited to attend follow-up at 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 years. Informed written consent is obtained from the participants by trained research personnel. This includes consent for access to central National Health Service and Ministry of Defence medical records and for required data linkages to be conducted.
Timeline of ArmeD SerVices TrAuma RehabilitatioN OutComE study day.
Outcome and confounder variables
Core outcome variables collected at baseline are detailed below. These may expand throughout the 20-year duration of the study.
Cardiovascular disease
Participants are assessed for onset of CVD at each visit, determined by the onset of individual components of the Major Adverse Cardiovascular Endpoint (MACE), a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, arterial revascularisation (coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, carotid endarterectomy or stenting and peripheral arterial stenting or bypass) and the onset of peripheral vascular disease, angina or hypertension.
This combined cardiovascular endpoint is internationally recognised and validated in cardiovascular outcome research.74–81 Each participant will be flagged with the National Health Service Central Register to provide date and cause of death.
Cardiovascular risk
Biometric assessment
Height is measured using a stadiometer (SECA 704, UK); for men with bilateral leg amputations, reported preinjury height will be taken from medical records. Weight is measured using electronic scales (SECA 956, UK). Abdominal waist and hip circumference are measured manually using a tape measure. Body mass index is calculated using an adjusted formula for amputees (Tzamaloukas et al., 1994).82
Vicorder assessment
The Vicorder (Skidmore Medical Limited, Bristol, UK) is a validated device that measures arterial PWV and complex pulse wave form analysis (PWA).83–85 PWV is quantified by the simultaneous recording of arterial pulse waveforms at the carotid and femoral arteries using an integrated neck transducer and upper thigh cuff, respectively.84 Using the PWA, the Vicorder also provides a non-invasive measure of peripheral and central blood pressure and arterial central and peripheral augmentation index.83 Its measurement of PWV has been shown to have a within-subject coefficient of variation of 2.8%.85 The central and peripheral measurements of arterial stiffness have been shown to be independent predictors of CVD risk.86
The assessment takes place on a hospital bed at a 30° angle in the supine position, in a room that is temperature and noise regulated. Three measures of PWA are conducted using the upper left arm cuff. This cuff is then removed, and a neck transducer is used along with a cuff on the upper left thigh to conduct three measures of PWV. All tests are completed ipsilaterally unless this is impossible due to amputation, in which case assessments are completed contralaterally. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure are also taken in the supine position using the Vicorder device with a cuff attached to the upper left arm.
Heart rate variability
Cardiac interbeat intervals for the measurement of HRV is undertaken using an ECG device (Mega Motion Faros 180 recorder; Mega, Finland). Two consecutive 5 min recordings of ECG-derived cardiac interbeat intervals will be obtained using spontaneous breathing followed by a 5 min paced breathing exercise, both in a supine position.87 88 Tests are completed in a noise and temperature-controlled environment. Measures of HRV are undertaken offline using the recorded cardiac interbeat data.
Serum samples
Venous blood is drawn and analysed for full blood count, lipids, glucose, liver function, urea and electrolytes, Haemaglobin A1c (HbA1c) and HsCRP (online supplemental materials 1).
Supplemental material
QRISK
10-year cardiovascular risk will be determined using the QRISK calculator89 with biometric, sociodemographic and clinical data.
Respiratory function
The participant’s respiratory function is measured using a PC Spirometer (Trueflow, NDD, Switzerland) to assess basic respiratory capability and its contribution to functional capacity. A forced expiratory test, without noseclips, is completed with the participant sitting upright. Three acceptable readings are sought, with a maximum of eight attempts made.
Traumatic/mild-traumatic brain injury (TBI/mTBI)
TBI/mTBI occurrence is assessed using a clinician administered interview90 and post-concussive symptoms are assessed using Participant Reported Outcome Measures (PROMS)91 (table 1).
Patient reported outcome measures: MSK, pain and physical function
Musculoskeletal disease
Radiographic assessment for osteoarthritis and sacroiliitis
Participants have radiographic assessment for osteoarthritis of the knees and hips and for chronic sacroiliitis. Posterior–anterior views with the knees in semiflexed position (7–10°) using the Synaflexer frame are performed as per recommendations for the assessment of osteoarthritis.92–95 Anterior–lateral and skyline views (inferior–superior) of the patellofemoral joint with the knees in 30° of flexion are taken.95 96 Hips are also assessed radiographically with an AP pelvis film (focal length 100 cm, hips internally rotated 15°).97 Radiographs are scored according to the Kellgren and Lawrence radiographic osteoarthritis scoring method98 for both the hip and the tibiofemoral joints of the knee. The patella femoral joint will be scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International scoring method.99 AP pelvis X-rays will also be scored for sacroiliitis via the modified New York score.100
Dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) assessment for osteoporosis and body composition
Total body composition, visceral fat, lean muscle mass and bone mineral density are recorded using body composition DEXA (Headley court: Vertec Horizon, UK; Stanford Hall: Vertec Discovery, UK)101 which has previously been used in a military population.102 103 Scans of the whole body, right and left proximal femur and lumbar spine are performed. For the whole-body scan, participants are laid in the supine position, with their head and spine aligned with the centre of the DEXA table, with legs apart and feet turned in; participants remain in this position for approximately 10 min. For the right and left proximal femur, the relevant leg is abducted to allow the shaft of the femur to be parallel to the table, and the relevant foot strapped in. Participants remain in this position for 7 min for each leg. For the lumbar spine, legs are elevated onto a square block and hips flexed at a 70° angle; participants remain in this position for 7 min.
Physical function and pain
Physical function is assessed using a mixture of clinician administered tests, including the Amputee Mobility Predictor Questionnaire (AMP-Q), Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine (SIGAM) mobility grades, the 6 min walk test, and PROMS (table 1).
The AMP-Q assesses an amputee’s ability to complete physical tasks ranging from balance, reach, weight distribution/gait and walking,104–106 from which a SIGAM mobility grading is assigned. The 6 min walk test evaluates functional capacity by measuring the distance an individual is able to walk over a total of 6 min on a hard, flat surface; it is valid in both the able-bodied and amputees.107 108 The goal is for the individual to walk as far as possible in 6 min at a self-directed pace with rest as needed as they traverse back and forth along a marked walkway.
PROMS used (table 1) assess prosthetic functioning, including socket comfort109 and usage of prosthetics. Pain is assessed in specific areas of the body (shoulders, arm, hand,110 111 back,112 hip,113 foot,114 phantom pain and overall pain115) as well as type of pain (eg, neuropathic)116 117 and effects of pain (eg, pain catastrophising).118
Axial spondyloarthritis
The presence of the gene HLA-B27, inflammatory back pain and the spondyloarthritis criteria119 120 is used to assess the prevalence of spondyloarthritis (axSpA) . Inflammatory back pain is assessed using the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) experts’ Inflammatory back pain criteria120 and classification of axSpA through the ASAS classification criteria.119
Mental health
Mental health is assessed using PROMS (table 1) investigating adverse childhood events,121 alcohol and drug use,122 123 common mental disorders,124 125 PTSD,126 127 post-traumatic growth,128 quality of life129 130 and social support.131
Sociodemographic and educational/employment history and outcomes
Sociodemographic
Sociodemographic information from time of injury/deployment including age, rank and regiment are provided by Defence Statistics. Other sociodemographic data (eg, postcode, ethnicity, etc) will be collected at baseline and, where there may be changes, at all subsequent visits via questionnaire.
Employment outcomes
Current and historic employment/education are recorded using an employment history questionnaire. Reasons for leaving the Armed Forces, highest level of educational attainment and veteran specific outcomes will be measured as per the King’s Military Cohort: Health and Well-being Survey.37 71 73
Bio-sample storage and other serum samples
Approximately 20 mL of blood (whole blood/plasma/serum/DNA [dried whole blood spots stored on Whatman FTA cards]) and 50 mL of urine are stored at −80°C for assay of any future biomarkers of cardiovascular, MSK or other disease. Venous blood will also be assayed for a standard profile of male hormones including testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and sex hormone binding globulin at each follow-up visit.
Audiology
Following simple otoscopic examination, an Amplivox CA850 4A audiometer with headphones is used to test hearing in a soundproofed booth. Both the audiometry and otoscopic examination follow recommended procedures from the British Society of Audiology.132
Sample size
Sample size calculations (GraphPad StatMate V.2.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software)) were based on the primary composite CVD endpoint. Published data have shown a greater risk of a CVD event (HR of >1.70) among those with traumatic injury compared with healthy controls.14 18 Given the age and demographic of the target population, event rates are likely to be low. However, the study is using a well-defined, published and measurable, broad composite CVD primary endpoint and has a prolonged follow-up period which both significantly reduce the sample size needed to maintain statistical power.
The rate of the primary MACE endpoint has been estimated using data from similarly aged populations.76 79 A primary composite CVD event rate of >10% at 20 years is expected in the comparison group with a HR of >1.7 in the combat trauma group. Based on this assumption we have calculated that a sample size of at least 400 in both the battlefield trauma exposed group and the non-exposed group would provide >80% power to detect a HR of >1.7 at an alpha of 0.05 (two sided) over a 20-year follow-up period. It is estimated that the initial recruitment of 600 participants will have a natural dropout rate of approximately 10% every 5 years. This would result in a sample size of approximately 400 at 20 years, and therefore still be sufficient to identify differences in composite CVD endpoints between the groups.
Sample size calculations were also performed for the other primary study outcomes; cardiovascular risk as determined by PWV, and osteoarthritis as determined by radiograph, each of which required smaller sample sizes than the sample size required for the primary composite CVD end-point analysis.
Statistical methods
The characteristics of non-responders—at recruitment and at follow-up—will be examined and compared with those who (continue to) participate. Differences between responders and non-responders will be examined with logistic regression analysis. Response weights will be generated to compensate for unequal probabilities of response based on any significant differences between responders and non-responders on age, rank, service and deployment.
The association between CVD and exposure will be assessed using the χ2 or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. T-tests and one-way analysis of variance will be used to evaluate the association between CVD risk and exposure. Multiple comparisons will be assessed using the Bonferroni correction or similar when appropriate. At baseline, multivariable linear regression will be used to assess the association between primary outcomes and exposure. Generalised linear models with a binomial distribution will be used to assess the relative risk of CVD. If the model does not converge, then a modified Poisson regression approach would be considered. Multicollinearity will be assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor diagnostic test.
For repeated measures (baseline, 3, 6 and 10 years), we will use mixed effects models. Cox proportional hazard models will be used to evaluate the association between exposure and disease development over time while adjusting for confounders.
Multiple imputation133 will be considered for missing data. A priori confounders will be adjusted for in the analysis and any other potential confounders will be considered using univariable analyses. A p-value of <0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Data will be analysed using STATA V.16 (Stata Corp) with the svy command to take account of the sample and response weights.
Data storage and retention
All data will be handled in accordance with current legislation, at present the GDPR 2018 and the Data Protection Act 2018. Physical data will be pseudoanonymised and stored accessible only by the research team. Digital data will be secured using dedicated data management software. After the last participant’s final follow-up, all data will be stored for a minimum of 15 years.
Ethics and dissemination
The ADVANCE Study has Ministry of Defence Research Ethics Committee approval (protocol no: 357/PPE/12), granted on 15 January 2013. The trial will be performed in accordance with the recommendations guiding ethical research involving human subjects adopted by the 18th World Medical Association General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, amended at the 64th World Medical Association General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013. Results will be disseminated through manuscripts in clinical/academic journals, presentations at clinical/academic conferences and communications with participants and other stakeholders and via the ADVANCE study website www.advancestudydmrc.org.uk.
Participant involvement
Ex-patients of DMRC Headley Court were involved in the development and design of the study from the outset as were a number of experienced clinicians regarding appropriate outcomes, feasibility, tolerability, priorities and recruitment. Ongoing participant consultations continue to influence recruitment, outcome measure priorities and acceptability.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all the nursing and ancillary staff who have helped with the ongoing ADVANCE Study. They would like to acknowledge in particular our senior research nurses Helen Blackman, Louise Young and Seamus Wilson, and our project managers Maria-Benedicta Edwards, Melanie Chesnokov, Maija Maskuniitty and Emma Coady.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
ANB and DMD are joint first authors.
Collaborators Prof Alexander N Bennett, Prof Paul Cullinan, Prof Nicola T Fear, Prof Anthony M J Bull, Prof Christopher J Boos, Dr Susie Schofield, Mr Daniel M Dyball.
Contributors The study concept and design were conceived by AB, CJB, AMJB, NTF and PC. AB and DMD were the main authors of the paper. SS provided significant portions of the data analysis section and provided critical revisions to the whole paper. NTF, CJB, AMJB and PC provided critical revisions to the whole paper. Final approval of the whole paper was given by all authors. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the accuracy and integrity of this protocol paper.
Funding The ADVANCE Study is supported by research grants from Help for Heroes, Her Majesty’s Treasury, Headley Court Trustees, Nuffield Trust for the Forces of the Crown, Blesma the limbless Veterans charity and also generously supported by the MoD.
Competing interests AB works for the Ministry of Defence. NTF receives funding from the MoD and is a trustee of a veteran charity. AMJB directs a research centre that receives funding from veteran’s charities and is supported by the Ministry of Defence.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.